espEconomy: strategy and practiceEconomy: strategy and practice1997-99672663-550XИнститут экономики10.51176/1997-9967-2023-3-68-83esp-1109Research ArticleУСТОЙЧИВОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTВлияние НИОКР на устойчивое развитие: литературный обзорThe Impact of R&D on Sustainable Development: a Literature Reviewhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7706-3195ЮсуповУ. Б.YussupovU. B.

PhD, ассоциированный профессор

ул. Жубанова 7, 010010, Астана

Ulagat B. Yussupov – PhD, Associate Professor

7 Zhubanov str., 010010, Astana

nusup86@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-7435АлиевМ. К.AliyevM. K.

Доктор экономических наук, доцент, исполняющий обязанности профессора

ул. Жубанова 7, 010010, Астана

Murat K. Aliyev – Dr. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor

7 Zhubanov str., 010010, Astana

ali--mur@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6957-7364КажмухаметоваА. А.KazhmukhametovaA. A.

Кандидат экономических наук, исполняющий обязанности доцента

ул. Жубанова 7, 010010, Астана

Assem A. Kazhmukhametova – Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Acting Associate Professor

7 Zhubanov str., 010010, Astana

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6781-4138АйтхожинаЛ. Ж.AitkhozhinaL. Z.

Кандидат экономических наук, доцент

ул. Жубанова 7, 010010, Астана

Lyazzat Z. Aitkhozhina – Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor

7 Zhubanov str., 010010, Astana

lyazzat00@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-1614ЖуматаеваБ. А.ZhumatayevaB. A.

PhD, доцент

ул. Жубанова 7, 010010, Астана

Bakhytzhamal A. Zhumatayeva – PhD, Associate Professor

7 Zhubanov str., 010010, Astana

bahyt_jumataeva@mail.ruEsil UniversityКазахстанEsil UniversityKazakhstan2023031020231836883Copyright © Юсупов У.Б., Алиев М.К., Кажмухаметова А.А., Айтхожина Л.Ж., Жуматаева Б.А., 20232023Юсупов У.Б., Алиев М.К., Кажмухаметова А.А., Айтхожина Л.Ж., Жуматаева Б.А.Yussupov U.B., Aliyev M.K., Kazhmukhametova A.A., Aitkhozhina L.Z., Zhumatayeva B.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/1109

Сегодня НИОКР считаются критически важными для достижения устойчивого развития, поскольку они способствуют инновациям и стимулируют экономический рост. Целью данной работы является определение основных показателей исследований и разработок и проведение анализа ситуации с исследованиями и разработками в Казахстане. Методология состоит из систематического обзора литературы (13 статей) и статистического анализа исследований и инновационного развития в Казахстане за период с 2014 по 2020 годы и включает показатели развития НИОКР в Казахстане: затраты на НИОКР, общие/внутренние/внешние и источники финансирования. Результаты показали, что наиболее высокий уровень внутренних затрат на инновационные исследования и разработки формируется в городах Алматы, Астана и в Мангистауской области. Однако уровень внутренних затрат на исследования в Алматы снизился на 22% в 2018 году. Положительная динамика была в г. Астане, Восточно-Казахстанской, Атырауской, Мангистауской, Павлодарской и Жамбылской областях. Также наблюдалась четкая тенденция к увеличению собственных средств предприятий, направляемых на финансирование этих расходов. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что директивным органам следует уделять приоритетное внимание поддержке инвестиций в исследования, разработки и инновации как в государственном, так и в частном секторах. Анализ расходов на исследования и разработки показывает, что внутренние затраты являются наиболее важными, так как они отражают инновационный спрос и потенциал предприятий. Дальнейший анализ необходим для изучения распределения внутренних затрат в зависимости от видов деятельности, осуществляемой компаниями.

R&D is seen as crucial to achieving sustainable development, as it promotes innovation and drives economic growth. The aim of this work is to identify primary indicators of research and development and conduct an analysis of the research and development situation in Kazakhstan. The methodology consists of a systematic literature review (13 articles) and statistical analysis of research and innovation development in Kazakhstan for the period between 2014 and 2020 and included indicators of R&D development in Kazakhstan: R&D Costs Total/ Internal/ External and Sources of funding. Results show that research and development investments have a positive impact on productivity, innovation, and economic growth. The results showed that the highest level of internal costs for innovative research and development is formed in the cities of Almaty and Astana and in the Mangystau region. However, the level of internal research costs in Almaty c. decreased by 22% in 2018. Positive dynamics were in Astana, East Kazakhstan, Atyrau, Mangystau, Pavlodar and Zhambyl regions. There was also observed a clear upward trend in the own funds of enterprises allocated to finance these costs. The findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize supporting research and development and innovation investments in both the public and private sectors. Analysis of research and development expenses shows that internal costs are the most crucial, as they reflect the innovation demand and potential of enterprises. Further analysis is necessary to examine the distribution of internal costs based on the types of activities carried out by companies.

экономикаэкономический ростобразованиеинновацииустойчивое развитиесовокупная производительностьобщеэкономические исследованияEconomyEconomic GrowthEducationInnovationSustainable DevelopmentAggregate ProductivityEconomywide StudiesReferencesAgency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics – Statistical collections (2021) [updated July 20, 2022; cited July 25, 2022]. Available at: https://www.stat.gov.kz/edition/publication/collectionAgency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics – Statistical collections (2021) [updated July 20, 2022; cited July 25, 2022]. Available at: https://www.stat.gov.kz/edition/publication/collectionArora, A., Belenzon, S., & Sheer, L. (2021). Knowledge spillovers and corporate investment in scientific research. American Economic Review, 111(3), 871-98. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171742Arora, A., Belenzon, S., & Sheer, L. (2021). Knowledge spillovers and corporate investment in scientific research. American Economic Review, 111(3), 871-98. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171742Belitski, M., Caiazza, R., & Rodionova, Y. (2020). Investment in training and skills for innovation in entrepreneurial start-ups and incumbents: evidence from the United Kingdom. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 617-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00606-4Belitski, M., Caiazza, R., & Rodionova, Y. (2020). Investment in training and skills for innovation in entrepreneurial start-ups and incumbents: evidence from the United Kingdom. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 617-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00606-4Bigliardi, B., Ferraro, G., Filippelli, S., & Galati, F. (2020). The influence of open innovation on firm performance. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 12, 1847979020969545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1847979020969545Bigliardi, B., Ferraro, G., Filippelli, S., & Galati, F. (2020). The influence of open innovation on firm performance. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 12, 1847979020969545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1847979020969545Boeing, P., Eberle, J., & Howell, A. (2022). The impact of China’s R&D subsidies on R&D investment, technological upgrading and economic growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121212-121222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121212Boeing, P., Eberle, J., & Howell, A. (2022). The impact of China’s R&D subsidies on R&D investment, technological upgrading and economic growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121212-121222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121212Bloom, N., Jones, C. I., Van Reenen, J., & Webb, M. (2020). Are ideas getting harder to find? American Economic Review, 110(4), 1104-1144. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180338Bloom, N., Jones, C. I., Van Reenen, J., & Webb, M. (2020). Are ideas getting harder to find? American Economic Review, 110(4), 1104-1144. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180338Cassiman, B., & Veugelers, R. (2002). R&D cooperation and spillovers: Some empirical evidence from Belgium. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1169-1184. https://doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344704Cassiman, B., & Veugelers, R. (2002). R&D cooperation and spillovers: Some empirical evidence from Belgium. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1169-1184. https://doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344704Castellani, D., Piva, M., Schubert, T., & Vivarelli, M. (2019). R&D and productivity in the US and the EU: Sectoral specificities and differences in the crisis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 279-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.001Castellani, D., Piva, M., Schubert, T., & Vivarelli, M. (2019). R&D and productivity in the US and the EU: Sectoral specificities and differences in the crisis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 279-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.001Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2011). Open innovation diplomacy and a 21st century fractal research, education and innovation (FREIE) ecosystem: Building on the quadruple and quintuple helix innovation concepts and the “Mode 3” knowledge production system. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2(3), 327-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-011-0058-3Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2011). Open innovation diplomacy and a 21st century fractal research, education and innovation (FREIE) ecosystem: Building on the quadruple and quintuple helix innovation concepts and the “Mode 3” knowledge production system. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2(3), 327-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-011-0058-3Che, X. J., Zhou, P., & Chai, K. H. (2022). Regional policy effect on photovoltaic (PV) technology innovation: Findings from 260 cities in China. Energy Policy, 162, 112807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112807Che, X. J., Zhou, P., & Chai, K. H. (2022). Regional policy effect on photovoltaic (PV) technology innovation: Findings from 260 cities in China. Energy Policy, 162, 112807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112807Cimoli, M., Dosi, G., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2009). Industrial policy and development: The political economy of capabilities accumulation. New York: Oxford, 113-137.Cimoli, M., Dosi, G., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2009). Industrial policy and development: The political economy of capabilities accumulation. New York: Oxford, 113-137.Deeny, S. R., & Steventon, A. (2017). Making sense of the shadows: Priorities for creating a learning healthcare system based on routinely collected data. BMJ Quality & Safety, 26(12), 1048-1052. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j84Deeny, S. R., & Steventon, A. (2017). Making sense of the shadows: Priorities for creating a learning healthcare system based on routinely collected data. BMJ Quality & Safety, 26(12), 1048-1052. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j84Habibi, F., & Zabardast, M. A. (2020). Digitalization, education and economic growth: A comparative analysis of Middle East and OECD countries. Technology in Society, 63, 101370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101370Habibi, F., & Zabardast, M. A. (2020). Digitalization, education and economic growth: A comparative analysis of Middle East and OECD countries. Technology in Society, 63, 101370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101370Hájek, P., & Stejskal, J. (2018). R&D Cooperation and Knowledge Spillover Effects for Sustainable Business Innovation in the Chemical Industry. Sustainability, 10(4), 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10041064Hájek, P., & Stejskal, J. (2018). R&D Cooperation and Knowledge Spillover Effects for Sustainable Business Innovation in the Chemical Industry. Sustainability, 10(4), 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10041064Hao, J., Li, C., Yuan, R., Ahmed, M., Khan, M. A., & Oláh, J. (2020). The influence of the knowledge-based network structure hole on enterprise innovation performance: The threshold effect of R&D investment intensity. Sustainability, 12(15), 6155. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156155Hao, J., Li, C., Yuan, R., Ahmed, M., Khan, M. A., & Oláh, J. (2020). The influence of the knowledge-based network structure hole on enterprise innovation performance: The threshold effect of R&D investment intensity. Sustainability, 12(15), 6155. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156155Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Sirmon, D. G. (2011). Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating value for individuals, organizations, and society. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(2), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.25.2.57Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Sirmon, D. G. (2011). Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating value for individuals, organizations, and society. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(2), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.25.2.57Horváth, D., & Szabó, R. Z. (2019). Driving forces and barriers of Industry 4.0: Do multinational and small and medium-sized companies have equal opportunities?. Technological forecasting and social change, 146, 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.021Horváth, D., & Szabó, R. Z. (2019). Driving forces and barriers of Industry 4.0: Do multinational and small and medium-sized companies have equal opportunities?. Technological forecasting and social change, 146, 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.021Jacobs, M., Boersma, L., Dekker, A., Swart, R., Lambin, P., De Ruysscher, D., ... & van Merode, F. (2017). What is the impact of innovation on output in healthcare with a special focus on treatment innovations in radiotherapy? A literature review. The British Journal of Radiology, 90(1079), 20170251. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20170251Jacobs, M., Boersma, L., Dekker, A., Swart, R., Lambin, P., De Ruysscher, D., ... & van Merode, F. (2017). What is the impact of innovation on output in healthcare with a special focus on treatment innovations in radiotherapy? A literature review. The British Journal of Radiology, 90(1079), 20170251. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20170251Kang, B., & Motohashi, K. (2020). Academic contribution to industrial innovation by funding type. Scientometrics, 124, 169-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03420-wKang, B., & Motohashi, K. (2020). Academic contribution to industrial innovation by funding type. Scientometrics, 124, 169-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03420-wKim, Y. S., & Park, K. J. (2020). R&D spending and stock returns: Evidence from South Korea. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 10(7), 744-757. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2020.107.744.757Kim, Y. S., & Park, K. J. (2020). R&D spending and stock returns: Evidence from South Korea. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 10(7), 744-757. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2020.107.744.757Kumar, A., & Prakash, V. (2017). India’s journey towards becoming a knowledge economy: Role of R&D and the collaboration of foreign firms. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 3(2), 1-16.Kumar, A., & Prakash, V. (2017). India’s journey towards becoming a knowledge economy: Role of R&D and the collaboration of foreign firms. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 3(2), 1-16.Lerner, J., & Nanda, R. (2020). Venture capital’s role in financing innovation: What we know and how much we still need to learn. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(3), 237-61. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.237Lerner, J., & Nanda, R. (2020). Venture capital’s role in financing innovation: What we know and how much we still need to learn. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(3), 237-61. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.237Lukšić, I., Bošković, B., Novikova, A., & Vrbensky, R. (2022). Innovative financing of the sustainable development goals in the countries of the Western Balkans. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 12(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-022-00340-wLukšić, I., Bošković, B., Novikova, A., & Vrbensky, R. (2022). Innovative financing of the sustainable development goals in the countries of the Western Balkans. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 12(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-022-00340-wMajid, M. A. (2020). Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: current status, future prospects, challenges, employment, and investment opportunities. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 10(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1Majid, M. A. (2020). Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: current status, future prospects, challenges, employment, and investment opportunities. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 10(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2020). 2019-2023 Roadmap for the Development of Science. [cited January 21, 2023]. Available at: https://edu.gov.kz/en/science/scientific-and-technical-activities/science-development-roadmap/Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2020). 2019-2023 Roadmap for the Development of Science. [cited January 21, 2023]. Available at: https://edu.gov.kz/en/science/scientific-and-technical-activities/science-development-roadmap/Olaoye, I. J., Ayinde, O. E., Ajewole, O. O., & Adebisi, L. O. (2021). The role of research and development (R&D) expenditure and governance on economic growth in selected African countries. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 13(6), 663-670. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1799300Olaoye, I. J., Ayinde, O. E., Ajewole, O. O., & Adebisi, L. O. (2021). The role of research and development (R&D) expenditure and governance on economic growth in selected African countries. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 13(6), 663-670. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1799300Oluwatobi, S., Olurinola, I., Alege, P., & Ogundipe, A. (2020). Knowledge-driven economic growth: the case of Sub-Saharan Africa. Contemporary Social Science, 15(1), 62-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1510135Oluwatobi, S., Olurinola, I., Alege, P., & Ogundipe, A. (2020). Knowledge-driven economic growth: the case of Sub-Saharan Africa. Contemporary Social Science, 15(1), 62-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1510135Park, T., & Kim, J. Y. (2022). An exploratory study on innovation policy in eight Asian countries. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 13(2), 273-303. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-03-2021-0036Park, T., & Kim, J. Y. (2022). An exploratory study on innovation policy in eight Asian countries. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 13(2), 273-303. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-03-2021-0036Prijadi, R., Wulandari, P., Desiana, P. M., Pinagara, F. A., & Novita, M. (2020). Financing needs of micro-enterprises along their evolution. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 36(2), 263-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-05-2018-0071Prijadi, R., Wulandari, P., Desiana, P. M., Pinagara, F. A., & Novita, M. (2020). Financing needs of micro-enterprises along their evolution. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 36(2), 263-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-05-2018-0071Zhao, L., Zhang, Y., Sadiq, M., Hieu, V. M., & Ngo, T. Q. (2021). Testing green fiscal policies for green investment, innovation and green productivity amid the COVID-19 era. Economic Change and Restructuring, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-021-09367-zZhao, L., Zhang, Y., Sadiq, M., Hieu, V. M., & Ngo, T. Q. (2021). Testing green fiscal policies for green investment, innovation and green productivity amid the COVID-19 era. Economic Change and Restructuring, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-021-09367-zSzász, L., Demeter, K., Racz, B. G., & Losonci, D. (2021). Industry 4.0: a review and analysis of contingency and performance effects. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 32(3), 667- 694. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-10-2019-0371Szász, L., Demeter, K., Racz, B. G., & Losonci, D. (2021). Industry 4.0: a review and analysis of contingency and performance effects. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 32(3), 667- 694. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-10-2019-0371Sawng, Y. W., Kim, P. R., & Park, J. (2021). ICT investment and GDP growth: Causality analysis for the case of Korea. Telecommunications Policy, 45(7), 102157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102157Sawng, Y. W., Kim, P. R., & Park, J. (2021). ICT investment and GDP growth: Causality analysis for the case of Korea. Telecommunications Policy, 45(7), 102157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102157Shkabatur, J., Bar-El, R., & Schwartz, D. (2022). Innovation and entrepreneurship for sustainable development: Lessons from Ethiopia. Progress in Planning, 160, 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100599Shkabatur, J., Bar-El, R., & Schwartz, D. (2022). Innovation and entrepreneurship for sustainable development: Lessons from Ethiopia. Progress in Planning, 160, 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100599Stern, N., & Valero, A. (2021). Innovation, growth and the transition to net-zero emissions. Research Policy, 50(9), 104293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104293Stern, N., & Valero, A. (2021). Innovation, growth and the transition to net-zero emissions. Research Policy, 50(9), 104293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104293Stanujkic, D., Popovic, G., Zavadskas, E. K., Karabasevic, D., & Binkyte-Veliene, A. (2020). Assessment of progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals of the “Agenda 2030” by using the CoCoSo and the Shannon Entropy methods: The case of the EU Countries. Sustainability, 12(14), 5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145717Stanujkic, D., Popovic, G., Zavadskas, E. K., Karabasevic, D., & Binkyte-Veliene, A. (2020). Assessment of progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals of the “Agenda 2030” by using the CoCoSo and the Shannon Entropy methods: The case of the EU Countries. Sustainability, 12(14), 5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145717Torres de Oliveira, R., Gentile-Lüdecke, S., & Figueira, S. (2022). Barriers to innovation and innovation performance: The mediating role of external knowledge search in emerging economies. Small Business Economics, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00491-8Torres de Oliveira, R., Gentile-Lüdecke, S., & Figueira, S. (2022). Barriers to innovation and innovation performance: The mediating role of external knowledge search in emerging economies. Small Business Economics, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00491-8World Bank. (2021). Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - Kazakhstan. [cited January 19, 2023]. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=KZWorld Bank. (2021). Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - Kazakhstan. [cited January 19, 2023]. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=KZViglioni, M. T. D., & Calegario, C. L. L. (2021). How firm size moderates the knowledge and affects the innovation performance? Evidence from Brazilian manufacturing firms. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estrategia, 20, 15567. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v20i1.15567Viglioni, M. T. D., & Calegario, C. L. L. (2021). How firm size moderates the knowledge and affects the innovation performance? Evidence from Brazilian manufacturing firms. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estrategia, 20, 15567. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v20i1.15567Xin, D., Ahmad, M., Lei, H., & Khattak, S. I. (2021). Do innovation in environmental-related technologies asymmetrically affect carbon dioxide emissions in the United States?. Technology in Society, 67, 101761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101761Xin, D., Ahmad, M., Lei, H., & Khattak, S. I. (2021). Do innovation in environmental-related technologies asymmetrically affect carbon dioxide emissions in the United States?. Technology in Society, 67, 101761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101761

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.