espEconomy: strategy and practiceEconomy: strategy and practice1997-99672663-550XИнститут экономики10.51176/1997-9967-2023-4-55-72esp-1179Research ArticleУСТОЙЧИВОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTДекарбонизация экономики Казахстана: перспективы энергетического переходаDecarbonization of the Kazakhstan Economy: Prospects for the Energy Transitionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-1539АубакироваГ. М.AubakirovaG. M.

д.э.н., профессор

ул. Н. Назарбаева 56, 100027, Караганда

Gulnara M. Aubakirova - Doc. Sc. (Econ.), Professor

56 N.Nazarbayev str., 100027, Karaganda

rendykar@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-8840БирюковВ. В.BiryukovV. V.

д.э.н., доцент

ул. Н. Назарбаева 56, 100027, Караганда

Valery V. Biryukov - Doc. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor

56 N.Nazarbayev str., 100027, Karaganda

valera@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6208-3292ИсатаеваФ. М.IssatayevaF. M.

PhD

ул. Н. Назарбаева 56, 100027, Караганда

Farida M. Issatayeva - PhD

56 N.Nazarbayev str., 100027, Karaganda

adambekova_farid@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-6066МажитоваС. К.MazhitovaS. K.

к.э.н., доцент

ул. Академическая 9, 100009, Караганда

Saule K. Mazhitova - Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor

9 Academic str., 100009, Karaganda

skm19@mail.ruКарагандинский технический университет имени Абылкаса СагиноваКазахстанAbylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical UniversityKazakhstanКарагандинский университет КазпотребсоюзаКазахстанKaraganda University of KazpotrebsoyuzKazakhstan2023180120241845572Copyright © Аубакирова Г.М., Бирюков В.В., Исатаева Ф.М., Мажитова С.К., 20242024Аубакирова Г.М., Бирюков В.В., Исатаева Ф.М., Мажитова С.К.Aubakirova G.M., Biryukov V.V., Issatayeva F.M., Mazhitova S.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/1179

Нарастающая значимость углеродного следа продукции в международной конкуренции активизируют поиск новых подходов к декарбонизации стран с переходной экономикой. В статье обобщаются достигнутые Казахстаном результаты по преодолению трудностей реализации «зелёного» подхода и поиску эффективных путей декарбонизации экономики. Методологическая основа исследования базируется на системном подходе к оценке устойчивости развития Казахстана и обобщению мирового опыта перехода к низкоуглеродной экономике. Авторы концентрируют внимание на актуальных проблемах промышленности в контексте создания экономики замкнутого цикла, основанной на возобновляемых ресурсах. Показано влияние трансформации энергетической системы на экономику страны. Обосновано, что снижение цен на сырьевые товары на мировых рынках и зависимость экономики от энергетики отрицательно влияют как на топливно-энергетический комплекс, так и смежные отрасли. Установлено, что одним из эффективных способов укрепления позиций Казахстана в международных производственно-сбытовых цепочках является реализация проактивной стратегии по декарбонизации промышленности с учетом национальных интересов. Учитывая, что страна продолжает демонстрировать относительно высокие уровни энергоемкости в общемировом масштабе, прогресс добывающих отраслей требует государственного содействия и активизации государственно-частного партнерства.

The growing importance of the carbon footprint of products in international competition will intensify the search for new approaches to the decarbonization of countries with economies in transition. The article summarizes the results achieved by Kazakhstan in overcoming the difficulties of implementing a “green” approach and finding effective ways to decarbonize the economy. The methodological basis of the study is based on a systematic approach to assessing the sustainability of Kazakhstan’s development and summarizing the world experience of transition to a low-carbon economy. The authors focus on the current problems of the industry in the context of creating a circular economy based on renewable resources. The influence of the transformation of the energy system on the country’s economy is shown. It is substantiated that the decline in commodity prices in the world markets and the dependence of the economy on energy have a negative impact on both the fuel and energy complex and related industries. It has been established that one of the effective ways to strengthen the position of Kazakhstan in international value chains is the implementation of a proactive strategy for the decarbonization of industry, taking into account national interests. Given that the country continues to demonstrate relatively high levels of energy intensity on a global scale, the progress of the extractive industries requires government assistance and intensified public-private partnerships.

декарбонизацияэкономикаКазахстанэнергетикаустойчивостьэнергоэффективностьпромышленностьDecarbonizationEconomyKazakhstanEnergySustainabilityEnergy EfficiencyIndustryReferencesAbid, G., Ahmed, S., Elahi, N. S., & Ilyas, S. (2020). Antecedents and mechanism of employee well-being for social sustainability: A sequential mediation. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 24, 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.06.011Abid, G., Ahmed, S., Elahi, N. S., & Ilyas, S. (2020). Antecedents and mechanism of employee well-being for social sustainability: A sequential mediation. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 24, 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.06.011Adeyemi, A., Yan, M., Shahidehpour, M., Botero, C., Guerra, A. V., Gurung, N., Zhang L. (C.), & Paaso, A. (2020). Blockchain technology applications in power distribution systems. The Electricity Journal, 33(8), 106817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2020.106817.Adeyemi, A., Yan, M., Shahidehpour, M., Botero, C., Guerra, A. V., Gurung, N., Zhang L. (C.), & Paaso, A. (2020). Blockchain technology applications in power distribution systems. The Electricity Journal, 33(8), 106817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2020.106817.Agliardi, E., & Agliardi, R. (2019). Financing environmentally-sustainable projects with green bonds. Environment and development economics, 24(6), 608-623. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X19000020Agliardi, E., & Agliardi, R. (2019). Financing environmentally-sustainable projects with green bonds. Environment and development economics, 24(6), 608-623. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X19000020Arens, M., Åhman, M., & Vogl, V. (2021). Which countries are prepared to green their coal-based steel industry with electricity? Reviewing climate and energy policy as well as the implementation of renewable electricity. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, 110938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110938Arens, M., Åhman, M., & Vogl, V. (2021). Which countries are prepared to green their coal-based steel industry with electricity? Reviewing climate and energy policy as well as the implementation of renewable electricity. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, 110938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110938Aubakirova, G., Rudko, G., & Isataeva, F. (2021). Assessment of metallurgical enterprises’ activities in Kazakhstan in the context of international trends. Economic Annals-XXI, 187(1/2), 121-130.Aubakirova, G., Rudko, G., & Isataeva, F. (2021). Assessment of metallurgical enterprises’ activities in Kazakhstan in the context of international trends. Economic Annals-XXI, 187(1/2), 121-130.Bekturganova, M., Satybaldin, A., & Yessekina, B. (2019). Conceptual framework for the formation of low-carbon development: Kazakhstan’s experience. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7294Bekturganova, M., Satybaldin, A., & Yessekina, B. (2019). Conceptual framework for the formation of low-carbon development: Kazakhstan’s experience. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7294Biber, E., Kelsey, N., & Meckling, J. (2016). The Political Economy of Decarbonization: A Research Agenda. Brooklyn Law Review. https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol82/iss2/8Biber, E., Kelsey, N., & Meckling, J. (2016). The Political Economy of Decarbonization: A Research Agenda. Brooklyn Law Review. https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol82/iss2/8Brenner, B. (2018). Transformative sustainable business models in the light of the digital imperative—A global business economics perspective. Sustainability, 10(12), 4428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124428Brenner, B. (2018). Transformative sustainable business models in the light of the digital imperative—A global business economics perspective. Sustainability, 10(12), 4428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124428Brockway, P. E., Sorrell, S., Semieniuk, G., Heun, M. K., & Court, V. (2021). Energy efficiency and economy-wide rebound effects: A review of the evidence and its implications. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 141, 110781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110781Brockway, P. E., Sorrell, S., Semieniuk, G., Heun, M. K., & Court, V. (2021). Energy efficiency and economy-wide rebound effects: A review of the evidence and its implications. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 141, 110781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110781Bush, R. E., Bale, C. S., & Taylor, P. G. (2016). Realising local government visions for developing district heating: Experiences from a learning country. Energy Policy, 98, 84-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.013Bush, R. E., Bale, C. S., & Taylor, P. G. (2016). Realising local government visions for developing district heating: Experiences from a learning country. Energy Policy, 98, 84-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.013Bureau of National Statistics. (2022). [cited October 27, 2022]. Available at: http://www.stat.gov.kzBureau of National Statistics. (2022). [cited October 27, 2022]. Available at: http://www.stat.gov.kzChen, M., Xue, W., & Chen, J. (2022). Platform subsidy policy design for green product diffusion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 359, 132039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.13239Chen, M., Xue, W., & Chen, J. (2022). Platform subsidy policy design for green product diffusion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 359, 132039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.13239Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 27, 2017 No. 125-VI “On subsoil and subsoil use” (amended and supplemented on March 7, 2022). Available at: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31764592Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 27, 2017 No. 125-VI “On subsoil and subsoil use” (amended and supplemented on March 7, 2022). Available at: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31764592Del Río Castro, G., González Fernández, M. C., & Uruburu Colsa, Á. (2021). Unleashing the convergence amid digitalization and sustainability towards pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A holistic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122204Del Río Castro, G., González Fernández, M. C., & Uruburu Colsa, Á. (2021). Unleashing the convergence amid digitalization and sustainability towards pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A holistic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122204Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2014). What do we learn from the weather? The new climate-economy literature. Journal of Economic literature, 52(3), 740-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.3.740Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2014). What do we learn from the weather? The new climate-economy literature. Journal of Economic literature, 52(3), 740-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.3.740Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2021). Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 2, 2021 No. 400-VI ЗРК. [Cited September 16, 2022]. Available at: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2100000400Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2021). Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 2, 2021 No. 400-VI ЗРК. [Cited September 16, 2022]. Available at: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2100000400Galafassi, D., Daw, T. M., Munyi, L., Brown, K., Barnaud, C., & Fazey, I. (2017). Learning about social-ecological trade-offs. Ecology and Society, 22(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08920-220102Galafassi, D., Daw, T. M., Munyi, L., Brown, K., Barnaud, C., & Fazey, I. (2017). Learning about social-ecological trade-offs. Ecology and Society, 22(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08920-220102Garschagen, M., Doshi, D., Moure, M., James, H., & Shekhar, H. (2021). The consideration of future risk trends in national adaptation planning: Conceptual gaps and empirical lessons. Climate Risk Management, 34, 100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100357Garschagen, M., Doshi, D., Moure, M., James, H., & Shekhar, H. (2021). The consideration of future risk trends in national adaptation planning: Conceptual gaps and empirical lessons. Climate Risk Management, 34, 100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100357Glasgow Climate Pact. Key Outcomes from COP26 (2021). [Cited April 07, 2022]. Available at:. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agree-ment/the-glasgow-climate-pact-key-outcomes-from-cop26Glasgow Climate Pact. Key Outcomes from COP26 (2021). [Cited April 07, 2022]. Available at:. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agree-ment/the-glasgow-climate-pact-key-outcomes-from-cop26In a state of energy hunger: central Asian countries experiencing power supply shortages. (2023). [Cited April 05, 2023]. Available at: https://ranking.kz/reviews/industries/v-sostoyanii-energeticheskogo-golo-da-strany-tsentralnoy-azii-ispytyvayut-defitsit-elektros-nabzheniya.htmlIn a state of energy hunger: central Asian countries experiencing power supply shortages. (2023). [Cited April 05, 2023]. Available at: https://ranking.kz/reviews/industries/v-sostoyanii-energeticheskogo-golo-da-strany-tsentralnoy-azii-ispytyvayut-defitsit-elektros-nabzheniya.htmlIn Kazakhstan electric power generation by the RES objects increased by 30 %. (2022) [Cited September 20, 2023]. Available at: https://www.energyprom.kz/ru/a/monitoring/v-kazahstane-vyrabotka-elektroen-ergii-obektami-vie-vyrosla-na-30In Kazakhstan electric power generation by the RES objects increased by 30 %. (2022) [Cited September 20, 2023]. Available at: https://www.energyprom.kz/ru/a/monitoring/v-kazahstane-vyrabotka-elektroen-ergii-obektami-vie-vyrosla-na-30Karakaya, E., Nuur, C., & Assbring, L. (2018). Potential transitions in the iron and steel industry in Sweden: towards a hydrogen-based future?. Journal of cleaner production, 195, 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.142Karakaya, E., Nuur, C., & Assbring, L. (2018). Potential transitions in the iron and steel industry in Sweden: towards a hydrogen-based future?. Journal of cleaner production, 195, 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.142Kowarsch, M., & Jabbour, J. (2017). Solution-oriented global environmental assessments: Opportunities and challenges. Environmental Science & Policy, 77, 187-192.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.08.013Kowarsch, M., & Jabbour, J. (2017). Solution-oriented global environmental assessments: Opportunities and challenges. Environmental Science & Policy, 77, 187-192.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.08.013Kozar, R., Galang, E., Alip, A., Sedhain, J., Subramanian, S., & Saito, O. (2019). Multi-level net-works for sustainability solutions: the case of the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 39, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.09.002Kozar, R., Galang, E., Alip, A., Sedhain, J., Subramanian, S., & Saito, O. (2019). Multi-level net-works for sustainability solutions: the case of the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 39, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.09.002Krzykowski, M., Mariański, M., & Zięty, J. (2021). Principle of reasonable and legitimate expectations in international law as a premise for investments in the energy sector. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 21(1), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-020-09471-xKrzykowski, M., Mariański, M., & Zięty, J. (2021). Principle of reasonable and legitimate expectations in international law as a premise for investments in the energy sector. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 21(1), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-020-09471-xLiu, H., Chen Z.M., Wang J., & Fan, J. (2017). The impact of resource tax reform on China’s coal industry. Energy Economics, 61, 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.002.Liu, H., Chen Z.M., Wang J., & Fan, J. (2017). The impact of resource tax reform on China’s coal industry. Energy Economics, 61, 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.002.Lebel, E. D., Finnegan, C. J., Ouyang, Z., & Jackson, R. B. (2022). Methane and NO x emissions from natural gas stoves, cooktops, and ovens in residential homes. Environmental science & technology, 56(4), 2529-2539. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04707Lebel, E. D., Finnegan, C. J., Ouyang, Z., & Jackson, R. B. (2022). Methane and NO x emissions from natural gas stoves, cooktops, and ovens in residential homes. Environmental science & technology, 56(4), 2529-2539. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04707Lechtenböhmer, S., Nilsson, L. J., Åhman, M., & Schneider, C. (2016). Decarbonising the energy intensive basic materials industry through electrification–Implications for future EU electricity demand. Energy, 115, 1623-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110Lechtenböhmer, S., Nilsson, L. J., Åhman, M., & Schneider, C. (2016). Decarbonising the energy intensive basic materials industry through electrification–Implications for future EU electricity demand. Energy, 115, 1623-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2019). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: A systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017. Science of the total environment, 649, 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.229Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2019). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: A systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017. Science of the total environment, 649, 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.229Martins, F., Moura, P., & de Almeida, A. T. (2022). The Role of Electrification in the Decarbonization of the Energy Sector in Portugal. Energies, 15(5), 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051759Martins, F., Moura, P., & de Almeida, A. T. (2022). The Role of Electrification in the Decarbonization of the Energy Sector in Portugal. Energies, 15(5), 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051759Menna, C., Felicioni, L., Negro, P., Lupíšek, A., Romano, E., Prota, A., & Hájek, P. (2022). Review of methods for the combined assessment of seismic resilience and energy efficiency towards sustainable retrofitting of existing European buildings. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103556Menna, C., Felicioni, L., Negro, P., Lupíšek, A., Romano, E., Prota, A., & Hájek, P. (2022). Review of methods for the combined assessment of seismic resilience and energy efficiency towards sustainable retrofitting of existing European buildings. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103556Menzel, T., & Teubner, T. (2021). Green energy platform economics–understanding platformization and sustainabilization in the energy sector. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 15(3), 456-475. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-05-2020-0022Menzel, T., & Teubner, T. (2021). Green energy platform economics–understanding platformization and sustainabilization in the energy sector. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 15(3), 456-475. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-05-2020-0022MIT Technology Review Insights. (2021). [Cited April 30, 2022]. Available at: https://mittrinsights.s3.amazonaws.com/GFI/Report2021.pdfMIT Technology Review Insights. (2021). [Cited April 30, 2022]. Available at: https://mittrinsights.s3.amazonaws.com/GFI/Report2021.pdfNational energy report KAZENERGY 2021. (2021). [Cited September 28, 2022]. Available at: https://kazenergy.com/upload/document/energy-report/NationalReport21_ru_2.pdfNational energy report KAZENERGY 2021. (2021). [Cited September 28, 2022]. Available at: https://kazenergy.com/upload/document/energy-report/NationalReport21_ru_2.pdfNilsson, L. J., Bauer, F., Åhman, M., Andersson, F. N., Bataille, C., de la Rue du Can, S., Ericsson, K., Hansen, T., Johansson, B., Lechtenböhmer, S., van Sluisveld, M., & Vogl, V. (2021). An industrial policy framework for transforming energy and emissions intensive industries towards zero emissions. Climate Policy, 21(8), 1053-1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1957665Nilsson, L. J., Bauer, F., Åhman, M., Andersson, F. N., Bataille, C., de la Rue du Can, S., Ericsson, K., Hansen, T., Johansson, B., Lechtenböhmer, S., van Sluisveld, M., & Vogl, V. (2021). An industrial policy framework for transforming energy and emissions intensive industries towards zero emissions. Climate Policy, 21(8), 1053-1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1957665Normann, H. E. (2017). Policy networks in energy transitions. The cases of carbon capture and storage and offshore wind in Norway. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 118, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tech-fore.2017.02.004Normann, H. E. (2017). Policy networks in energy transitions. The cases of carbon capture and storage and offshore wind in Norway. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 118, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tech-fore.2017.02.004Nurgissayeva, A. A. & Tamenova, S. S. (2020). Conceptual foundations of the «green» economy. Economics: the strategy and practice. 15(3), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.51176/JESP/issue_3_T14 (In Russ)Nurgissayeva, A. A. & Tamenova, S. S. (2020). Conceptual foundations of the «green» economy. Economics: the strategy and practice. 15(3), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.51176/JESP/issue_3_T14 (In Russ)Official site of the Agora Energiewende Analytical Center. [Cited March 4, 2023]. Available at: https://www.agora-energiewende.deOfficial site of the Agora Energiewende Analytical Center. [Cited March 4, 2023]. Available at: https://www.agora-energiewende.deOfficial site of the British Ember Analytical Center. [Cited April 13, 2022]. Available at: https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/eu-power-sector-2020/Official site of the British Ember Analytical Center. [Cited April 13, 2022]. Available at: https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/eu-power-sector-2020/Official site of the CCPI. (2022). [Cited September 2, 2022]. Available at: https://ccpi.orgOfficial site of the CCPI. (2022). [Cited September 2, 2022]. Available at: https://ccpi.orgOfficial Information Resource of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2023). [Cited March 11, 2023]. Available at: https://primeminister.kz/ru (In Russ)Official Information Resource of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2023). [Cited March 11, 2023]. Available at: https://primeminister.kz/ru (In Russ)Pan, J. (2005). Meeting Human Development Goals with Low Emissions : An Alternative to Emissions Caps for post-Kyoto from a Developing Country Perspective. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 5(1), 89-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-004-3715-1Pan, J. (2005). Meeting Human Development Goals with Low Emissions : An Alternative to Emissions Caps for post-Kyoto from a Developing Country Perspective. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 5(1), 89-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-004-3715-1Proskuryakova, L., & Ermolenko, G. (2022). Decarbonization Prospects in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Energies, 15(6), 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061987Proskuryakova, L., & Ermolenko, G. (2022). Decarbonization Prospects in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Energies, 15(6), 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061987Renewable capacity statistics. (2022). Available at: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf?rev=460f190dea15442e-ba8373d9625341aeRenewable capacity statistics. (2022). Available at: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf?rev=460f190dea15442e-ba8373d9625341aeRiso, T., & Morrone, C. (2023). To Align Technological Advancement and Ethical Conduct: An Analysis of the Relationship between Digital Technologies and Sustainable Decision-Making Processes. Sustainability, 15(3), 1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031911Riso, T., & Morrone, C. (2023). To Align Technological Advancement and Ethical Conduct: An Analysis of the Relationship between Digital Technologies and Sustainable Decision-Making Processes. Sustainability, 15(3), 1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031911Saenz, C. (2021). Corporate social responsibility fit helps to earn the social license to operate in the mining industry. Resources Policy, 74, 101814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101814Saenz, C. (2021). Corporate social responsibility fit helps to earn the social license to operate in the mining industry. Resources Policy, 74, 101814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101814Schaubroeck, T. (2018). Towards a general sustainability assessment of human/industrial and nature-based solutions. Sustainability Science, 13, 1185-1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0559-0Schaubroeck, T. (2018). Towards a general sustainability assessment of human/industrial and nature-based solutions. Sustainability Science, 13, 1185-1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0559-0Scott, L., & Goncalves, M. A. (2021). The role of semiotics in health, safety, and environment communication in South African mining and its influence on organizational culture. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 121(2), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1289/2021Scott, L., & Goncalves, M. A. (2021). The role of semiotics in health, safety, and environment communication in South African mining and its influence on organizational culture. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 121(2), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1289/2021Shen, J., Zhang, Q., Xu, L., Tian, S., & Wang, P. (2021). Future CO2 emission trends and radical decarbonization path of iron and steel industry in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 326, 129354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129354Shen, J., Zhang, Q., Xu, L., Tian, S., & Wang, P. (2021). Future CO2 emission trends and radical decarbonization path of iron and steel industry in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 326, 129354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129354Sherin, S., Rehman, Z. U., Husain, S., Muhammad, N., & Bilal, T. (2020). Assessment and Quantification of Risks Associated with Small Scale Mining, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 11(3), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.Vol11.Iss3.2020.478Sherin, S., Rehman, Z. U., Husain, S., Muhammad, N., & Bilal, T. (2020). Assessment and Quantification of Risks Associated with Small Scale Mining, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 11(3), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.Vol11.Iss3.2020.478Singh, C., Singh, D., & Khamba, J. S. (2021). In quest of green practices in manufacturing industries through literature review. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(1), 30-50. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-02-2019-0014Singh, C., Singh, D., & Khamba, J. S. (2021). In quest of green practices in manufacturing industries through literature review. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(1), 30-50. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-02-2019-0014Sovacool, B. K., & Monyei, C. G. (2021). Positive externalities of decarbonization: quantifying the full potential of avoided deaths and displaced carbon emissions from renewable energy and nuclear power. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(8), 5258-5271. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00140Sovacool, B. K., & Monyei, C. G. (2021). Positive externalities of decarbonization: quantifying the full potential of avoided deaths and displaced carbon emissions from renewable energy and nuclear power. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(8), 5258-5271. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00140Varavin, E. V., Kozlova, M. V., & Makoveckij, M. Y. (2021). Development of environmentally responsible investment: implementation of foreign experience for Kazakhstan. Central Asian Economic Review, 4(139), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.52821/2789-4401-2021-4-52-63 (In Russ.).Varavin, E. V., Kozlova, M. V., & Makoveckij, M. Y. (2021). Development of environmentally responsible investment: implementation of foreign experience for Kazakhstan. Central Asian Economic Review, 4(139), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.52821/2789-4401-2021-4-52-63 (In Russ.).Walsh, C. L., Glendinning, S., Dawson, R. J., England, K., Martin, M., Watkins, C. L., Wilson R., McLoughlin, A., Glenis, V., & Parker, D. (2013). Collaborative platform to facilitate engineering decision-making. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability 166(2), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.12.00033Walsh, C. L., Glendinning, S., Dawson, R. J., England, K., Martin, M., Watkins, C. L., Wilson R., McLoughlin, A., Glenis, V., & Parker, D. (2013). Collaborative platform to facilitate engineering decision-making. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability 166(2), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.12.00033Ye, X., & Rasoulinezhad, E. (2023). Assessment of impacts of green bonds on renewable energy utilization efficiency. Renewable Energy, 202, 626-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.124Ye, X., & Rasoulinezhad, E. (2023). Assessment of impacts of green bonds on renewable energy utilization efficiency. Renewable Energy, 202, 626-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.124Yessekina, B., Shalabekova, A., Koshumov, A., & Junusbekova, G. (2021). Modernisation of the Strategic Planning for Decarbonisation in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(3), 477–482. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11308Yessekina, B., Shalabekova, A., Koshumov, A., & Junusbekova, G. (2021). Modernisation of the Strategic Planning for Decarbonisation in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(3), 477–482. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11308Zhou, X., Moinuddin, M., & Xu, Z. (2017). Sustainable Development Goals Interlinkages and Network Analysis: A practical tool for SDG integration and policy coherence. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Kanagawa, Japan.Zhou, X., Moinuddin, M., & Xu, Z. (2017). Sustainable Development Goals Interlinkages and Network Analysis: A practical tool for SDG integration and policy coherence. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Kanagawa, Japan.Zerbib, O. D. (2019). The effect of pro-environmental preferences on bond prices: Evidence from green bonds. Journal of banking & finance, 98(1), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.10.012Zerbib, O. D. (2019). The effect of pro-environmental preferences on bond prices: Evidence from green bonds. Journal of banking & finance, 98(1), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.10.012

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.