<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">esp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Economy: strategy and practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economy: strategy and practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-9967</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2663-550X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Институт экономики</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51176/1997-9967-2025-1-120-135</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">esp-1538</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGIONAL ECONOMY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пространственные эффекты в контексте регионов Казахстана</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Spatial Effects in the Context of Kazakhstan’s Regions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6125-2728</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Керимбаев</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kerimbayev</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD.</p><p>пр. аль-Фараби 71, Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Azamat R. Kerimbayev – PhD, al-Farabi Kazakh National University.</p><p>71 al-Farabi ave., Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">azamat@kerimbayev.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-406X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Букатов</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bukatov</surname><given-names>Y. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD.</p><p>ул. Академическая 9, Караганда</p><p>87001417765</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yerik B. Bukatov – PhD, Karaganda University of Kazpotrebsoyuz.</p><p>9 Academicheskaya str., 100000, Karaganda</p><p>87001417765</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bukatov.erik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-3924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудебаева</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudebayeva</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, профессор.</p><p>пр. Абая 2, Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alma Kudebayeva – PhD, professor, KIMEP University.</p><p>2 Abay ave., Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">almak@kimep.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-4681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спанкулова</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spankulova</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Д.э.н., профессор.</p><p>пр. аль-Фараби 71, Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lazat S. Spankulova – Doc. Sc. (Econ.), Professor, al-Farabi Kazakh National University.</p><p>71 al-Farabi ave., Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">spankulova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казахский Национальный Университет им. аль-Фараби<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">al-Farabi Kazakh National University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Карагандинский университет Казпотребсоюза<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Karaganda University of Kazpotrebsoyuz<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">КИМЭП<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">KIMEP University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>135</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Керимбаев А.Р., Букатов Е.Б., Кудебаева А., Спанкулова Л.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Керимбаев А.Р., Букатов Е.Б., Кудебаева А., Спанкулова Л.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kerimbayev A.R., Bukatov Y.B., Kudebayeva A., Spankulova L.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/1538">https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/1538</self-uri><abstract><p>Проблема пространственного неравенства регионов Казахстана является актуальной на протяжении многих лет и в последние годы данная проблема усугубилась в связи с социально-экономическими изменениями в регионах, последствиями пандемии COVID-19, негативным влиянием инфляционных процессов, усилением внутренней миграции и других факторов. Целью данного исследования является анализ пространственного неравенства между 16 регионами Казахстана охватывающий временной период с 2001 по 2017 годы. В исследовании использовались следующие научные методы: исторический метод, статистический метод. В процессе исследования был разработан новый класс пространственно-эконометрических моделей, являющихся модификациями пространственной модели Дарбина. Данные модели характеризуются непостоянными коэффициентами при пространственных лагах зависимой и независимых переменных. Оценка моделей осуществлялась на основе сведений о казахстанских регионах, с использованием в качестве зависимой переменной темпа роста регионального внутреннего валового продукта на душу населения. Выводы исследования показывают преимущества модели SDM с фиксированными эффектами по сравнению с альтернативными моделями, что подтверждается результатами оценки с использованием критериев информационного критерия Акаике (AIC) и Байеса (BIC). Согласно оценки модели SDM, увеличение на 1% валового регионального продукта на душу населения в базовом году, приводит к увеличению темпов роста валового регионального продукта на душу населения при прочих равных условиях. Также стоит отметить, что увеличение уровня безработицы на 1% способствует ускорению темпов роста валового регионального продукта на душу населения на 0,451 при прочих равных условиях. Рост расходов государства на 1 единицу в регионе способствует к снижению темпов роста валового регионального продукта на душу населения в сопредельном регионе при прочих равных условиях. Коэффициент пространственного отставания указывает на то, что изменения в показателях внутреннего регионального продукта на душу населения в одном регионе оказывают влияние на изменения внутреннего регионального продукта на душу населения в сопредельном регионе. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о необходимости использования пространственных весов при оценке региональных регрессионных моделей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of spatial inequality in the regions of Kazakhstan has been relevant for many years and in recent years this problem has worsened due to socio-economic changes in the areas, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the negative impact of inflationary processes, increased internal migration and other factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze spatial inequality between 16 regions of Kazakhstan covering the period from 2001 to 2017. The following scientific methods were used in the study: historical method, and statistical method. During the research, a new class of spatial econometric models was developed, which are modifications of the Durbin spatial model. These models are characterized by variable coefficients with spatial lags of the dependent and independent variables. The models were evaluated based on information about Kazakhstan’s regions, using the regional gross domestic product per capita as a dependent variable. The findings of the study show the advantages of the SDM model with fixed effects compared to alternative models, which is confirmed by the results of the assessment using the criteria of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayes (BIC). According to the SDM model, a 1% increase in gross regional product per capita in the base year leads to an increase in the growth rate of gross regional product per capita, all other things being equal. It is also worth noting that an increase in the unemployment rate by 1% contributes to an acceleration in the growth rate of the gross regional product per capita by 0.451, all other things being equal. An increase in government spending per unit in the region contributes to a decrease in the growth rate of the gross regional product per capita in the neighboring region, all other things being equal. The spatial lag coefficient indicates that changes in the indicators of the domestic regional product per capita in one region have an impact on changes in the domestic regional product per capita in the neighboring region. The results of the study indicate the need to use spatial weights when evaluating regional regression models.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неравенство</kwd><kwd>регион</kwd><kwd>региональная экономика</kwd><kwd>региональная стратегия</kwd><kwd>экономический рост</kwd><kwd>географическая неоднородность</kwd><kwd>пространственная модель Дурбина</kwd><kwd>пространственные эффекты</kwd><kwd>Казахстан</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Inequality</kwd><kwd>Region</kwd><kwd>Regional Economy</kwd><kwd>Regional Strategy</kwd><kwd>Economic Growth</kwd><kwd>Geographical Heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>Durbin Spatial Model</kwd><kwd>Spatial Effects</kwd><kwd>Kazakhstan</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Комитета науки Министерства науки и высшего образования Республики Казахстан (грант №AP19679799).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant №AP19679799).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Achten, S., &amp; Lessmann, C. (2020). Spatial Inequality, Geography and Economic Activity. World Development, 136(2), 105114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Achten, S., &amp; Lessmann, C. (2020). Spatial Inequality, Geography and Economic Activity. World Development, 136(2), 105114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson, K., &amp; Pomfret, R. (2004). Spatial Inequality and Development in Central Asia. WIDER Working Paper Series RP2004-36, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson, K., &amp; Pomfret, R. (2004). Spatial Inequality and Development in Central Asia. WIDER Working Paper Series RP2004-36, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aritenang, A.F., &amp; Chandramidi, A.N. (2023). The spatial effects of fiscal decentralization on regional convergence: the case of regions in Indonesia. GeoJournal 88, 2011–2030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10724-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aritenang, A.F., &amp; Chandramidi, A.N. (2023). The spatial effects of fiscal decentralization on regional convergence: the case of regions in Indonesia. GeoJournal 88, 2011–2030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10724-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barro, R.J., &amp; Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic growth (2nd edition). The MIT Press Cambridge, London.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barro, R.J., &amp; Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic growth (2nd edition). The MIT Press Cambridge, London.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beer, C., &amp; Riedl, A. (2012). Modelling spatial externalities in panel data: The Spatial Durbin model revisited. Papers in Regional Science, 91(2), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00394.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beer, C., &amp; Riedl, A. (2012). Modelling spatial externalities in panel data: The Spatial Durbin model revisited. Papers in Regional Science, 91(2), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00394.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brimbetova, N.Zh., Saparbek, N.K., Beknazarova, A.T., &amp; Bukejhanova, T.K. (2022). Poverty of the population and regional differences in social development of Kazakhstan. Bulletin of the University Turan, 3, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2022-1-3-108-121 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brimbetova, N.Zh., Saparbek, N.K., Beknazarova, A.T., &amp; Bukejhanova, T.K. (2022). Poverty of the population and regional differences in social development of Kazakhstan. Bulletin of the University Turan, 3, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2022-1-3-108-121 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bureau of National Statistics. (2024). Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved November 10, 2024 from https://stat.gov.kz/en</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bureau of National Statistics. (2024). Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved November 10, 2024 from https://stat.gov.kz/en</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burridge, P. (1981). Testing for a Common Factor in a Spatial Autoregression Model. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 13(7), 795-800. https://doi.org/10.1068/a130795</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burridge, P. (1981). Testing for a Common Factor in a Spatial Autoregression Model. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 13(7), 795-800. https://doi.org/10.1068/a130795</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bürscher, T., &amp; Scherngell, T. (2023). Potentials for reducing spatial inequalities in innovation: A spatial econometric perspective. Growth and Change, 55(4), e70001. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.70001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bürscher, T., &amp; Scherngell, T. (2023). Potentials for reducing spatial inequalities in innovation: A spatial econometric perspective. Growth and Change, 55(4), e70001. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.70001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chulanova, Z., Brimbetova, N., Satybaldin, A., &amp; Dzhanegizova, A. (2024). Poverty in the Kazakhstan Regions: Assessing the Influence of Key Indicators on Differences in Its Level. Sustainability, 16(16), 6752. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166752</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chulanova, Z., Brimbetova, N., Satybaldin, A., &amp; Dzhanegizova, A. (2024). Poverty in the Kazakhstan Regions: Assessing the Influence of Key Indicators on Differences in Its Level. Sustainability, 16(16), 6752. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166752</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delprato, M., Chudgar, A., &amp; Frola, A. (2024). Spatial education inequality for attainment indicators in sub-saharan Africa and spillovers effects. World Development, 176, 106522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.world-dev.2023.106522</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delprato, M., Chudgar, A., &amp; Frola, A. (2024). Spatial education inequality for attainment indicators in sub-saharan Africa and spillovers effects. World Development, 176, 106522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.world-dev.2023.106522</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodonov, V.Y. (2024). Ethnic fractionalization and income inequality: the case of Kazakhstan. Problems of the Post-Soviet space, 11(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2024-11-1-45-60 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodonov, V.Y. (2024). Ethnic fractionalization and income inequality: the case of Kazakhstan. Problems of the Post-Soviet space, 11(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2024-11-1-45-60 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doran, J. (2022). The effect of spatial inequality on Nigeria’s development. Routes, 3(2), 85-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doran, J. (2022). The effect of spatial inequality on Nigeria’s development. Routes, 3(2), 85-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elhorst, J. P. (2011). Dynamic spatial panels: models, methods, and inferences. Journal of Geographical Systems, 14(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-011-0158-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elhorst, J. P. (2011). Dynamic spatial panels: models, methods, and inferences. Journal of Geographical Systems, 14(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-011-0158-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eva, M., Cehan, A., Corodescu-Roșca, E., &amp; Bourdin, S. (2022). Spatial patterns of regional inequalities: Empirical evidence from a large panel of countries. Applied Geography, 140, 102638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102638</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eva, M., Cehan, A., Corodescu-Roșca, E., &amp; Bourdin, S. (2022). Spatial patterns of regional inequalities: Empirical evidence from a large panel of countries. Applied Geography, 140, 102638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102638</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ezcurra, R., &amp; Rios, V. (2015). Volatility and Regional Growth in Europe: Does Space Matter? Spatial Economic Analysis, 10(3), 344-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2015.1062123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezcurra, R., &amp; Rios, V. (2015). Volatility and Regional Growth in Europe: Does Space Matter? Spatial Economic Analysis, 10(3), 344-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2015.1062123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ezcurra, R., &amp; Del Villar, A. (2021). Globalization and spatial inequality: Does economic integration affect regional disparities? The Annals of Regional Science, 67(2), 335-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-021-01050-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezcurra, R., &amp; Del Villar, A. (2021). Globalization and spatial inequality: Does economic integration affect regional disparities? The Annals of Regional Science, 67(2), 335-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-021-01050-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fayet, Y., Praud, D., Fervers, B., Ray-Coquard, I., Blay, J. Y., Ducimetiere, F., Fagherazzi, G., &amp; Faure, E. (2020). Beyond the map: evidencing the spatial dimension of health inequalities. International journal of health geographics, 19(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-020-00242-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fayet, Y., Praud, D., Fervers, B., Ray-Coquard, I., Blay, J. Y., Ducimetiere, F., Fagherazzi, G., &amp; Faure, E. (2020). Beyond the map: evidencing the spatial dimension of health inequalities. International journal of health geographics, 19(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-020-00242-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fayziy, S. (2024). Inequality of Opportunity: Case Study of Kazakhstan. International Advances in Economic Research, 30, 421-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-024-09923-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fayziy, S. (2024). Inequality of Opportunity: Case Study of Kazakhstan. International Advances in Economic Research, 30, 421-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-024-09923-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Floerkemeier, H., &amp; Spatafora, N. (2021). Regional Disparities, Growth, and Inclusiveness. IMF Working Papers, 038. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513569505.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Floerkemeier, H., &amp; Spatafora, N. (2021). Regional Disparities, Growth, and Inclusiveness. IMF Working Papers, 038. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513569505.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Folmer, H., &amp; Oosterhaven, J. (1979). Spatial inequalities and regional development: A framework. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3046-4_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Folmer, H., &amp; Oosterhaven, J. (1979). Spatial inequalities and regional development: A framework. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3046-4_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaubert, C., Kline, P., Vergara, D., &amp; Yagan, D. (2021). Trends in US Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty. AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, 111, 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaubert, C., Kline, P., Vergara, D., &amp; Yagan, D. (2021). Trends in US Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty. AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, 111, 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giovannini, A., &amp; Vampa, D. (2020). Towards a new era of regionalism in Italy? A comparative perspective on autonomy referendums. Territory, Politics, Governance, 8(4), 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2019.1582902</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giovannini, A., &amp; Vampa, D. (2020). Towards a new era of regionalism in Italy? A comparative perspective on autonomy referendums. Territory, Politics, Governance, 8(4), 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2019.1582902</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gyuris, F. (2018). Spatial inequalities from an East Central European perspective: Case studies from Hungary. Espaço e Economia, 7(13), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/espacoeconomia.5186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gyuris, F. (2018). Spatial inequalities from an East Central European perspective: Case studies from Hungary. Espaço e Economia, 7(13), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/espacoeconomia.5186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ismagulova, A., &amp; Massakova, S. (2024). Social inequality in Kazakhstan: parameters and indicators. Journal of Economic Research &amp; Business Administration, 149(3), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.26577/be.2024-149-i3-012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismagulova, A., &amp; Massakova, S. (2024). Social inequality in Kazakhstan: parameters and indicators. Journal of Economic Research &amp; Business Administration, 149(3), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.26577/be.2024-149-i3-012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han, S. (2022). Spatial stratification and socio-spatial inequalities: the case of Seoul and Busan in South Korea. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 9, 23. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01035-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han, S. (2022). Spatial stratification and socio-spatial inequalities: the case of Seoul and Busan in South Korea. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 9, 23. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01035-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higgins, P., Campanera, J., &amp; Nobajas, A. (2014). Quality of life and spatial inequality in London. European Urban and Regional Studies, 21(1), 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776412439201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higgins, P., Campanera, J., &amp; Nobajas, A. (2014). Quality of life and spatial inequality in London. European Urban and Regional Studies, 21(1), 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776412439201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu, J., Ma, C., &amp; Li, C. (2022). Can Green Innovation Improve Regional Environmental Carrying Capacity? An Empirical Analysis from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu, J., Ma, C., &amp; Li, C. (2022). Can Green Innovation Improve Regional Environmental Carrying Capacity? An Empirical Analysis from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ifa, K., Viphindrartin, S., Santoso, E., &amp; Priyono, T. (2024). Spatial dependence and poverty factors: A study of Pantura Regions in East Java Province, Indonesia. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(7), 4195. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ifa, K., Viphindrartin, S., Santoso, E., &amp; Priyono, T. (2024). Spatial dependence and poverty factors: A study of Pantura Regions in East Java Province, Indonesia. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(7), 4195. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jadhav, V., &amp; Viswanathan, B. (2023). Spatial Durbin Model of Regional Incomes in India: The Role of Public, Private and Human Capital. Working Papers, 243, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jadhav, V., &amp; Viswanathan, B. (2023). Spatial Durbin Model of Regional Incomes in India: The Role of Public, Private and Human Capital. Working Papers, 243, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jumambayev, S., Dzhulaeva, A., Baimukhanova, S., Ilyashova, G., &amp; Dosmbek, A. (2022). Global Income Inequality – A Case Study of OECD Countries and Kazakhstan. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, 25(4), 179-203. https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.35</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jumambayev, S., Dzhulaeva, A., Baimukhanova, S., Ilyashova, G., &amp; Dosmbek, A. (2022). Global Income Inequality – A Case Study of OECD Countries and Kazakhstan. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, 25(4), 179-203. https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.35</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khotiawan, M., Sakti, R.K., &amp; Wahyudi, S.T. (2023). An Analysis of the Effects of Spatial Dependence on Economic Growth Among Regencies and Cities in Java. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 24(2), 202-220. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v24i2.22109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khotiawan, M., Sakti, R.K., &amp; Wahyudi, S.T. (2023). An Analysis of the Effects of Spatial Dependence on Economic Growth Among Regencies and Cities in Java. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 24(2), 202-220. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v24i2.22109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kilroy, A.F. (2009). Intra-Urban Spatial Inequality: Cities as “Urban Regions”.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kilroy, A.F. (2009). Intra-Urban Spatial Inequality: Cities as “Urban Regions”.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kireyeva, A. A., Nurbatsin, A. S. &amp; Khalitova, M. M. (2023). Assessing Inequality of Income Distribution and Education in the Regions of Kazakhstan. Economy of regions, 19(3), 741-752. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-3-10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kireyeva, A. A., Nurbatsin, A. S. &amp; Khalitova, M. M. (2023). Assessing Inequality of Income Distribution and Education in the Regions of Kazakhstan. Economy of regions, 19(3), 741-752. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-3-10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee, S., Im, J. &amp; Cho, K. (2024) Understanding spatial inequalities and stratification in transportation accessibility to social infrastructures in South Korea: multi-dimensional planning insights. Scientific Reports, 14, 18445. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68536-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee, S., Im, J. &amp; Cho, K. (2024) Understanding spatial inequalities and stratification in transportation accessibility to social infrastructures in South Korea: multi-dimensional planning insights. Scientific Reports, 14, 18445. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68536-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu, H., Wang, L., Wang, J., Ming, H., Wu, X., Xu, G., &amp; Zhang, S. (2024). Multidimensional spatial inequality in China and its relationship with economic growth. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03961-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu, H., Wang, L., Wang, J., Ming, H., Wu, X., Xu, G., &amp; Zhang, S. (2024). Multidimensional spatial inequality in China and its relationship with economic growth. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03961-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu, S., Guan, X., Yu, D., Deng, Y., &amp; Zhou, L. (2015). Multi-Scale Analysis of Regional Inequality based on Spatial Field Model: A Case Study of China from 2000 to 2012. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(4), 1982-2003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4041982</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu, S., Guan, X., Yu, D., Deng, Y., &amp; Zhou, L. (2015). Multi-Scale Analysis of Regional Inequality based on Spatial Field Model: A Case Study of China from 2000 to 2012. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(4), 1982-2003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4041982</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacKinnon, D., Béal, V., &amp; Leibert, T. (2024). Rethinking ‘left-behind’ places in a context of rising spatial inequalities and political discontent. Regional Studies, 58(6), 1161–1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2291581</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacKinnon, D., Béal, V., &amp; Leibert, T. (2024). Rethinking ‘left-behind’ places in a context of rising spatial inequalities and political discontent. Regional Studies, 58(6), 1161–1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2291581</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newman, J., &amp; Hoole, C. (2024). The intersection of productivity and governance capacity in spatial inequality: the case of England’s devolution periphery. Contemporary Social Science, 19(4), 555-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2024.2435440</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newman, J., &amp; Hoole, C. (2024). The intersection of productivity and governance capacity in spatial inequality: the case of England’s devolution periphery. Contemporary Social Science, 19(4), 555-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2024.2435440</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niembro, A., &amp; Sarmiento, J. (2021). Regional development gaps in Argentina: A multidimensional approach to identify the location of policy priorities. Regional Science Policy &amp; Practice, 13(4), 1297-1327. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12322</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niembro, A., &amp; Sarmiento, J. (2021). Regional development gaps in Argentina: A multidimensional approach to identify the location of policy priorities. Regional Science Policy &amp; Practice, 13(4), 1297-1327. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12322</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niranjan, R. (2020). Spatial inequality in human development in India - A case study of Karnataka. Sustainable Futures, 2(4), 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2020.100024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niranjan, R. (2020). Spatial inequality in human development in India - A case study of Karnataka. Sustainable Futures, 2(4), 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2020.100024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nurlanova, N.K., Alzhanova, F.G., &amp; Brimbetova, N.Zh. (2023). Research of Social Inequality of the Population in the Regions of Kazakhstan. Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 23(C3), 43-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nurlanova, N.K., Alzhanova, F.G., &amp; Brimbetova, N.Zh. (2023). Research of Social Inequality of the Population in the Regions of Kazakhstan. Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 23(C3), 43-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nurlanova, N.K., Dnishev, F.M., Alzhanova, F.A. &amp; Saparbek, N.K. (2024). Inequality of Labor Income in Kazakhstan’s Regions: Trends, Causes and Opportunities of Reduction. Economy: strategy and practice, 19(3), 86-102, https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-3-86-102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nurlanova, N.K., Dnishev, F.M., Alzhanova, F.A. &amp; Saparbek, N.K. (2024). Inequality of Labor Income in Kazakhstan’s Regions: Trends, Causes and Opportunities of Reduction. Economy: strategy and practice, 19(3), 86-102, https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-3-86-102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Overman, H.G., &amp; Xu, Х. (2024). Spatial disparities across labour markets. Oxford Open Economics, 3(1), 585-610. https://doi.org/10.1093/ooec/odae005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Overman, H.G., &amp; Xu, Х. (2024). Spatial disparities across labour markets. Oxford Open Economics, 3(1), 585-610. https://doi.org/10.1093/ooec/odae005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pace, R. K., &amp; Lesage, J. (2010). Spatial econometrics. Handbook of spatial statistics, 1(1), 245-260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pace, R. K., &amp; Lesage, J. (2010). Spatial econometrics. Handbook of spatial statistics, 1(1), 245-260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panzera, D., &amp; Postiglione, P. (2021). The impact of regional inequality on economic growth: a spatial econometric approach. Regional Studies, 56(5), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1910228</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panzera, D., &amp; Postiglione, P. (2021). The impact of regional inequality on economic growth: a spatial econometric approach. Regional Studies, 56(5), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1910228</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponce, P., Yunga, F., Larrea-Silva, J., &amp; Aguirre, N. (2023). Spatial determinants of income inequality at the global level: The role of natural resources. Resources Policy, 84, 103783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resour-pol.2023.103783</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponce, P., Yunga, F., Larrea-Silva, J., &amp; Aguirre, N. (2023). Spatial determinants of income inequality at the global level: The role of natural resources. Resources Policy, 84, 103783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resour-pol.2023.103783</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rakymzhanova, S., &amp; Bekbenbetova, B. (2024). Analysis of the main aspects of social protection of the population of Kazakhstan. State audit, 63(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.55871/2072-9847-2024-63-2-141-151 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakymzhanova, S., &amp; Bekbenbetova, B. (2024). Analysis of the main aspects of social protection of the population of Kazakhstan. State audit, 63(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.55871/2072-9847-2024-63-2-141-151 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Pose, A., Bartalucci, F., Kurmanov, B., Rau, G.у, &amp; Nigmetov, K. (2024) Assessing regional inequalities in Kazakhstan through well-being. Asian Development Review, 41(1), 301-333. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0116110524500033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Pose, A., Bartalucci, F., Kurmanov, B., Rau, G.у, &amp; Nigmetov, K. (2024) Assessing regional inequalities in Kazakhstan through well-being. Asian Development Review, 41(1), 301-333. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0116110524500033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkar, S., Cottineau-Mugadza, C., &amp; Wolf, L. J. (2024). Spatial inequalities and cities: A review. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 51(7), 1391-1407. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241263422</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkar, S., Cottineau-Mugadza, C., &amp; Wolf, L. J. (2024). Spatial inequalities and cities: A review. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 51(7), 1391-1407. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241263422</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sermagambet, U., Satpayeva, Z., Smagulova, G., Urban W., &amp; Yessenzhigitova, R. (2022). Socio-economic inequality in Kazakhstani regions: Assessment and impact on regional development management. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(3), 487-500. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sermagambet, U., Satpayeva, Z., Smagulova, G., Urban W., &amp; Yessenzhigitova, R. (2022). Socio-economic inequality in Kazakhstani regions: Assessment and impact on regional development management. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(3), 487-500. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shifa, M., &amp; Leibbrandt, M. (2022). Spatial inequality in sub-Saharan Africa. African Geographical Review, 43, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2022.2099916</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shifa, M., &amp; Leibbrandt, M. (2022). Spatial inequality in sub-Saharan Africa. African Geographical Review, 43, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2022.2099916</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temerbulatova, Z., Mukhamediyev, B., Zhidebekkyzy, A., &amp; Bilan, S. (2024). Regional disparities and dual dynamics: Economic growth and income inequality in Kazakhstan. Economics and Sociology, 17(2), 241-255. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071789X.2024/17-2/12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temerbulatova, Z., Mukhamediyev, B., Zhidebekkyzy, A., &amp; Bilan, S. (2024). Regional disparities and dual dynamics: Economic growth and income inequality in Kazakhstan. Economics and Sociology, 17(2), 241-255. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071789X.2024/17-2/12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Todes, A., &amp; Turok, I. (2017). Spatial inequalities and policies in South Africa: Place-based or people-centred? Progress in Planning, 123, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2017.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Todes, A., &amp; Turok, I. (2017). Spatial inequalities and policies in South Africa: Place-based or people-centred? Progress in Planning, 123, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2017.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turkebayeva, K.Т., &amp; Wolff, C. (2022). The Impact of Interregional and Country Inequality on the Dynamics of Economic Growth in Kazakhstan. Economy: strategy and practice, 17(2), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-2-6-16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turkebayeva, K.Т., &amp; Wolff, C. (2022). The Impact of Interregional and Country Inequality on the Dynamics of Economic Growth in Kazakhstan. Economy: strategy and practice, 17(2), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-2-6-16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turok, I., &amp; Visagie, J. (2025). Striking disparities in employment across South Africa: Evidence from a new spatial database. Development Southern Africa, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2025.2456252</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turok, I., &amp; Visagie, J. (2025). Striking disparities in employment across South Africa: Evidence from a new spatial database. Development Southern Africa, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2025.2456252</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogel, M., &amp; Zwiers, M. (2018). The Consequences of Spatial Inequality for Adolescent Residential Mobility. Social Sciences, 7(9), 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090164</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogel, M., &amp; Zwiers, M. (2018). The Consequences of Spatial Inequality for Adolescent Residential Mobility. Social Sciences, 7(9), 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090164</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu, P., &amp; Liu, M. (2022). A Framework for the Spatial Inequality in Urban Public Facility for Urban Planning, Design and Management. Land, 11(9), 1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091429</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu, P., &amp; Liu, M. (2022). A Framework for the Spatial Inequality in Urban Public Facility for Urban Planning, Design and Management. Land, 11(9), 1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091429</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xia, H, Yu, H., Wang, S., &amp; Yang, H. (2024). Digital economy and the urban–rural income gap: Impact, mechanisms, and spatial heterogeneity. Journal of Innovation &amp; Knowledge, 9(6), 100505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100505</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xia, H, Yu, H., Wang, S., &amp; Yang, H. (2024). Digital economy and the urban–rural income gap: Impact, mechanisms, and spatial heterogeneity. Journal of Innovation &amp; Knowledge, 9(6), 100505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100505</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahl-Thanem, A., &amp; Fredrik Rye, J. (2024). Spatial inequality in higher education: a growing urban-rural educational gap? European Sociological Review, 40(6), 1067-1081. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zahl-Thanem, A., &amp; Fredrik Rye, J. (2024). Spatial inequality in higher education: a growing urban-rural educational gap? European Sociological Review, 40(6), 1067-1081. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang, X., Gang, Z., &amp; Dong, X. (2020). Effects of Government Healthcare Expenditure on Economic Growth Based on Spatial Durbin Model: Evidence from China. Iranian journal of public health, 49(2), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.18502/IJPH.V49I2.3091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang, X., Gang, Z., &amp; Dong, X. (2020). Effects of Government Healthcare Expenditure on Economic Growth Based on Spatial Durbin Model: Evidence from China. Iranian journal of public health, 49(2), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.18502/IJPH.V49I2.3091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
