<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">esp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Economy: strategy and practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economy: strategy and practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-9967</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2663-550X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Институт экономики</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51176/1997-9967-2025-4-41-62</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">esp-1706</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экологическая политика Казахстана: библиометрический обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kazakhstan’s Environmental Policy: A Bibliometric Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7181-1746</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кумар</surname><given-names>Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Ye.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кумар Е.A. – PhD докторант</p><p>ул. Сатпаева 2, Астана</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yernazar Kumar – PhD Candidate</p><p>2 Satpayev St., Astana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yernazar.kumar@kimep.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-3375</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Aмаго</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Amagoh</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Амаго Ф. – PhD, профессор</p><p>ул. Абая 2, Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Francis Amagoh – PhD, Professor</p><p>2 Abay St., Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">famagoh@kimep.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Евразийский национальный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Eurasian National University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет КИМЭП<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">KIMEP University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кумар Е., Aмаго Ф., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кумар Е., Aмаго Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kumar Y., Amagoh F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/1706">https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/1706</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследования экологической политики играют важнейшую роль в решении экологических проблем. В Казахстане изучение экологической политики охватывает широкий спектр тем: от загрязнения воздуха до экологического образования. Цель данной работы – провести библиометрический анализ научных публикаций по экологической политике Казахстана на основе двух массивов данных из библиографических каталогов Google Scholar и OpenAlex. Анализ выполнен с применением программного обеспечения VOSviewer, систематизирован по языкам публикаций, тематике, типам источников и институциональной принадлежности авторов. Результаты показывают устойчивый рост научного интереса к экологической политике Казахстана после 2010 года, где пик публикационной активности приходится на 2022–2024 гг. (62, 70 и 82 публикации соответственно). Среди публикаций, отобранных в Google Scholar, выделяются четыре ключевые тематические группы: исследования по зелёной экономике, экологической безопасности и охране окружающей среды, экологическому законодательству и регуляторным реформам, а также экологическому образованию. Анализ массива OpenAlex показывает аналогичную структуру научных интересов, но с иным содержательным акцентом: преобладают работы по вопросам энергетической безопасности, климатической политики, постсоветской политической экономии и устойчивого развития. В обоих наборах данных основную долю составляют научные статьи, что отражает устойчивую академическую направленность исследований. Для будущих исследований рекомендуется более глубокое изучение конкретных аспектов изменения политики, особенно в области экологического образования и определения «изменения политики» в контексте Казахстана, чтобы лучше понять его последствия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Environmental policy research plays a crucial role in solving environmental problems. In Kazakhstan, the study of environmental policy covers a wide range of topics, from air pollution to environmental education. The purpose of this work is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on environmental policy in Kazakhstan based on two sets of data from Google Scholar and OpenAlex bibliographic catalogs. The analysis was performed using VOSviewer software, systematizing publications by language, subject matter, type of source, and institutional affiliation of authors. The results show a steady increase in scientific interest in Kazakhstan's environmental policy since 2010, with peak publication activity in 2022–2024 (62, 70 and 82 publications respectively). Among the publicati ons selected in Google Scholar, four key themati c groups stand out: research on the green economy, environmental safety and environmental protecti on, environmental legislati on and regulatory reforms, as well as environmental educati on. The analysis of the OpenAlex dataset shows a similar structure of scienti fi c interests, but with diff erent substanti ve emphases: works on energy security, climate policy, post-Soviet politi cal economy, and sustainable development predominate. Scienti fi c arti cles comprise the bulk of both datasets, refl ecti ng a sustained academic focus on research. For future research, it is recommended to conduct a deeper study on specifi c aspects of policy change, especially in the fi elds of environmental educati on and defi ning “policy change” within the context of Kazakhstan in order to better understand its implicati ons</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экология</kwd><kwd>экологическая политика</kwd><kwd>экологическая стратегия</kwd><kwd>зелёная экономика</kwd><kwd>библиометрический обзор</kwd><kwd>стратегическое управление</kwd><kwd>устойчивый рост</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ecology</kwd><kwd>Environmental Policy</kwd><kwd>Environmental Strategy</kwd><kwd>Green Economy</kwd><kwd>Bibliometric Review</kwd><kwd>Strategic Management</kwd><kwd>Sustainable Growth</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alsmadi, A. A., &amp; Alzoubi, M. (2022). Green economy: Bibliometric analysis approach. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 282-289. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12758</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alsmadi, A. A., &amp; Alzoubi, M. (2022). Green economy: Bibliometric analysis approach. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 282-289. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12758</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ADB. (2024). Kazakhstan’s Resource Economy: Diversification Through Global Value Chain. Asian Development Bank Organization and the Islamic Development Bank, 1-120. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/1000726/kazakhstan-resource-economy.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ADB. (2024). Kazakhstan’s Resource Economy: Diversification Through Global Value Chain. Asian Development Bank Organization and the Islamic Development Bank, 1-120. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/1000726/kazakhstan-resource-economy.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baideldinov, D.L., Kuderin, I.K., &amp; Izbasarova, A.D. (2013). Problems of the Development of the Environmental Policy and Law in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Nowa Polityka Wschodnia, 2(5). Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nowa2013&amp;div=28&amp;id=&amp;page</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baideldinov, D.L., Kuderin, I.K., &amp; Izbasarova, A.D. (2013). Problems of the Development of the Environmental Policy and Law in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Nowa Polityka Wschodnia, 2(5). Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nowa2013&amp;div=28&amp;id=&amp;page</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumgartner, F. R., &amp; Jones, B. D. (1991). Agenda dynamics and policy subsystems. The Journal of Politics, The Journal of Politics, 53(4), 1044-1074. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131866</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumgartner, F. R., &amp; Jones, B. D. (1991). Agenda dynamics and policy subsystems. The Journal of Politics, The Journal of Politics, 53(4), 1044-1074. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131866</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowers, S. R. (1993). Soviet and post-Soviet environmental problems. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 18(2), 131-158. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&amp;context=gov_fac_pubs</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowers, S. R. (1993). Soviet and post-Soviet environmental problems. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 18(2), 131-158. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&amp;context=gov_fac_pubs</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calel, R., &amp; Dechezlepretre, A. (2016). Environmental policy and directed technological change: evidence from the European carbon market. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(1), 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00470</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calel, R., &amp; Dechezlepretre, A. (2016). Environmental policy and directed technological change: evidence from the European carbon market. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(1), 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00470</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capano, G., &amp; Howlett, M. (2009). Introduction: The determinants of policy change: Advancing the debate. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 11(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980802648227</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capano, G., &amp; Howlett, M. (2009). Introduction: The determinants of policy change: Advancing the debate. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 11(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980802648227</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., &amp; Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., &amp; Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ERM. (2024). Environmental Resources Management. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.erm.com/about/locations/kazakhstan/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ERM. (2024). Environmental Resources Management. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.erm.com/about/locations/kazakhstan/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gafu, G., Hernández-Torrano, D., Terlikbayeva, N., &amp; Zhanseitova, A. (2024). Mapping the Landscape of SDG Research in Kazakhstan: A Machine Learning–Based Approach. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16, 15879-15904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02543-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gafu, G., Hernández-Torrano, D., Terlikbayeva, N., &amp; Zhanseitova, A. (2024). Mapping the Landscape of SDG Research in Kazakhstan: A Machine Learning–Based Approach. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16, 15879-15904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02543-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gulbrandsen, L. H., Sammut, F., &amp; Wettestad, J. (2017). Emissions trading and policy diffusion: complex EU ETS emulation in Kazakhstan. Global Environmental Politics, 17(3), 115-133. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00418</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulbrandsen, L. H., Sammut, F., &amp; Wettestad, J. (2017). Emissions trading and policy diffusion: complex EU ETS emulation in Kazakhstan. Global Environmental Politics, 17(3), 115-133. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00418</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Head, B. W. (2025). Designing for complexity and uncertainty–policy instruments for complex environmental issues. Policy Design and Practice, 8(3) 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2025.2474323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Head, B. W. (2025). Designing for complexity and uncertainty–policy instruments for complex environmental issues. Policy Design and Practice, 8(3) 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2025.2474323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Islam, M. J., Ferdous, L., &amp; Begum, M. A. (2014). The environmental policies and issues to ensure safe environment. International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering &amp; Science, 3(10), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1173.2481</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam, M. J., Ferdous, L., &amp; Begum, M. A. (2014). The environmental policies and issues to ensure safe environment. International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering &amp; Science, 3(10), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1173.2481</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaffe, A. B., Newell, R. G., &amp; Stavins, R. N. (2002). Environmental Policy and Technological Change. Environmental and Resource Economics, 22, 41-70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015519401088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaffe, A. B., Newell, R. G., &amp; Stavins, R. N. (2002). Environmental Policy and Technological Change. Environmental and Resource Economics, 22, 41-70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015519401088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jangabulova, A. &amp; Salykhbaeva, A. (2014). Formation and development of legal bases for environmental policy of Kazakhstan. Bulletin of Law, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 2(70), 178-182. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://bulletin-law.kaznu.kz/index.php/journal/article/download/273/269/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jangabulova, A. &amp; Salykhbaeva, A. (2014). Formation and development of legal bases for environmental policy of Kazakhstan. Bulletin of Law, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 2(70), 178-182. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://bulletin-law.kaznu.kz/index.php/journal/article/download/273/269/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jenkins-Smith, H. C., &amp; Sabatier, P. A. (1993). The study of public policy processes. In The nation’s health (pp. 135–142). Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jenkins-Smith, H. C., &amp; Sabatier, P. A. (1993). The study of public policy processes. In The nation’s health (pp. 135–142). Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jordan, A., Wurzel, R. K., &amp; Zito, A. R. (2004). ‘New' Environmental Policy Instruments: An Evolution or a Revolution in Environmental Policy? In New Instruments of Environmental Governance? (1st Edition, pp. 194-216), Routledge Publishing.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jordan, A., Wurzel, R. K., &amp; Zito, A. R. (2004). ‘New' Environmental Policy Instruments: An Evolution or a Revolution in Environmental Policy? In New Instruments of Environmental Governance? (1st Edition, pp. 194-216), Routledge Publishing.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kakimova, A. (2013). Educational policy for sustainable development in Kazakhstan (Publication No. 29149954) [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade do Porto]. ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kakimova, A. (2013). Educational policy for sustainable development in Kazakhstan (Publication No. 29149954) [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade do Porto]. ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kangalakova, D., Satpayeva, Z., Nurkenova, M., &amp; Nyussupova, G. (2025). Trends and research networks in greening business: A bibliometric analysis. Environmental Economics, 16(1), 102-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.16(1).2025.08</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kangalakova, D., Satpayeva, Z., Nurkenova, M., &amp; Nyussupova, G. (2025). Trends and research networks in greening business: A bibliometric analysis. Environmental Economics, 16(1), 102-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.16(1).2025.08</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazbekov, B. &amp; Kazbekova, Zh. (2016). Improvement of ‘Green Economy’ development mechanisms in Kazakhstan. International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo-conference: SGEM, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1, 927. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.proquest.com/openview/1a6af8d8458e3ed778a3bf9633fe0ee7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1536338</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazbekov, B. &amp; Kazbekova, Zh. (2016). Improvement of ‘Green Economy’ development mechanisms in Kazakhstan. International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo-conference: SGEM, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1, 927. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.proquest.com/openview/1a6af8d8458e3ed778a3bf9633fe0ee7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1536338</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazbekova, D. (2022). Stakeholder dynamics in environmental policy making in Kazakhstan. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 14(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol14.iss2.15837</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazbekova, D. (2022). Stakeholder dynamics in environmental policy making in Kazakhstan. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 14(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol14.iss2.15837</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keeley, J., &amp; Scoones, I. (2014). Understanding Environmental Policy Processes: Cases from Africa. Routledge Publishing, London, 1-240. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849773621</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keeley, J., &amp; Scoones, I. (2014). Understanding Environmental Policy Processes: Cases from Africa. Routledge Publishing, London, 1-240. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849773621</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kemp, R. (2000). Technology and Environmental Policy—Innovation Effects of Past Policies and Suggestions for Improvement. In Innovation and the Environment, OECD Proceedings Publishing, 1, 35-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kemp, R. (2000). Technology and Environmental Policy—Innovation Effects of Past Policies and Suggestions for Improvement. In Innovation and the Environment, OECD Proceedings Publishing, 1, 35-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies (2nd ed.). HarperCollins College Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies (2nd ed.). HarperCollins College Publishers.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozlova, M. (2012). Zelenaya ekonomika kak paradigma ustoychivogo razvitiya Respubliki Kazakhstan [Green economy as a paradigm of sustainable development of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Bulletin of Innovative Eurasian University, 3(47), 61–66. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://vestnik.ineu.edu.kz/files/bulletins/bulletin_2012_3(47).pdf#page=61 (In Russ)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova, M. (2012). Zelenaya ekonomika kak paradigma ustoychivogo razvitiya Respubliki Kazakhstan [Green economy as a paradigm of sustainable development of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Bulletin of Innovative Eurasian University, 3(47), 61–66. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://vestnik.ineu.edu.kz/files/bulletins/bulletin_2012_3(47).pdf#page=61 (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraft, M.E. (2021). Environmental Policy and Politics (8th ed.). Routledge Publishing, 1-416. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003106265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraft, M.E. (2021). Environmental Policy and Politics (8th ed.). Routledge Publishing, 1-416. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003106265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar, Y. (2022). Local eco-activist’s perspectives on environmental awareness issues in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan Spektrum, 4(104), 54-82. https://doi.org/10.52536/2415-8216.2022-4.04</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar, Y. (2022). Local eco-activist’s perspectives on environmental awareness issues in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan Spektrum, 4(104), 54-82. https://doi.org/10.52536/2415-8216.2022-4.04</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar, Y., &amp; Makhmudova, G. (2022). Analysis of Kazakhstan’s New Environmental Code: Focus on environmental awareness aspects. The 19th KIMEP International Research Conference, 450-467. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.kimep.kz/about/files/2024/10/KIRC-2022-Proceedings-final-1.pdf#page=450</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar, Y., &amp; Makhmudova, G. (2022). Analysis of Kazakhstan’s New Environmental Code: Focus on environmental awareness aspects. The 19th KIMEP International Research Conference, 450-467. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.kimep.kz/about/files/2024/10/KIRC-2022-Proceedings-final-1.pdf#page=450</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lester, J. P., &amp; Stewart, J. (1996). Public policy: An evaluative approach. West Publishing Company. Lindblom, C.E. (1979). Still muddling, not yet through. Public Administration Review, 39(6), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.2307/976178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lester, J. P., &amp; Stewart, J. (1996). Public policy: An evaluative approach. West Publishing Company. Lindblom, C.E. (1979). Still muddling, not yet through. Public Administration Review, 39(6), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.2307/976178</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matter, R. M. (1993). The nuclear contamination of Kazakhstan (Master’s thesis). Graduate Program in International Studies, Old Dominion University. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&amp;context=gpis_etds</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matter, R. M. (1993). The nuclear contamination of Kazakhstan (Master’s thesis). Graduate Program in International Studies, Old Dominion University. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&amp;context=gpis_etds</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilsson, M. (2005). Learning, Frames, and Environmental Policy Integration: The Case of Swedish Energy Policy. Environment and Planning C: Politics &amp; Space, Sage Publishing, 23(2), 207-226. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0405j</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilsson, M. (2005). Learning, Frames, and Environmental Policy Integration: The Case of Swedish Energy Policy. Environment and Planning C: Politics &amp; Space, Sage Publishing, 23(2), 207-226. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0405j</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ospanova, S. (2014). Assessing Kazakhstan's policy and institutional framework for a green economy. International Institute for Environment and Development, 1-33. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/16559IIED.pdf?</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ospanova, S. (2014). Assessing Kazakhstan's policy and institutional framework for a green economy. International Institute for Environment and Development, 1-33. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/16559IIED.pdf?</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters, B. G., &amp; Hogwood, B. W. (1985). In search of the issue-attention cycle. The Journal of Politics, 47(1), 238-253. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://fbaum.unc.edu/teaching/articles/Hogwood_JOP_1985.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peters, B. G., &amp; Hogwood, B. W. (1985). In search of the issue-attention cycle. The Journal of Politics, 47(1), 238-253. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://fbaum.unc.edu/teaching/articles/Hogwood_JOP_1985.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. American Political Science Review, 94(2), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. American Political Science Review, 94(2), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhythm Foundation. (2021). Snowballing Social Responsibility for the Environment in Kazakhstan. Rhythm Foundation Organization. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.rythmfoundation.org/snowballing-social-responsibility-for-the-environment-in-kazakhstan/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhythm Foundation. (2021). Snowballing Social Responsibility for the Environment in Kazakhstan. Rhythm Foundation Organization. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.rythmfoundation.org/snowballing-social-responsibility-for-the-environment-in-kazakhstan/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Runhaar, H. (2016). Tools for integrating environmental objectives into policy and practice: What works where? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 59, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2016.03.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Runhaar, H. (2016). Tools for integrating environmental objectives into policy and practice: What works where? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 59, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2016.03.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tastanbekova, R. E. (2015). Sovremennoe sostoyanie osobo okhranyaemykh prirodnykh territorii v Respublike Kazakhstan [Current state of specially protected natural areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Vestnik KazNU. Seriya geograficheskaya, 41(2), 353-357. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://bulletin-geography.kaznu.kz/index.php/1-geo/article/view/261 (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tastanbekova, R. E. (2015). Sovremennoe sostoyanie osobo okhranyaemykh prirodnykh territorii v Respublike Kazakhstan [Current state of specially protected natural areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Vestnik KazNU. Seriya geograficheskaya, 41(2), 353-357. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://bulletin-geography.kaznu.kz/index.php/1-geo/article/view/261 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tosun, J. (2013). Environmental policy change in emerging market democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America compared. University of Toronto Press. UNECE. (2025). Review of Environment Statistics in Kazakhstan 2024. UNECE Organization, 1-31. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/Sector%20Review%20Environment%20Statistics%202024%20Kazakhstan.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tosun, J. (2013). Environmental policy change in emerging market democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America compared. University of Toronto Press. UNECE. (2025). Review of Environment Statistics in Kazakhstan 2024. UNECE Organization, 1-31. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/Sector%20Review%20Environment%20Statistics%202024%20Kazakhstan.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uruzgaliyeva, M., &amp; Usmanov, R. (2022). Aspiy oñiriniñ ekologiialyq qauipsizdigi mäselelerin sheshudıñ sayasi tetikteri: Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Resey Federatsiyasy mysalynda [Political mechanisms for addressing environmental security issues of the Caspian region: The case of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation]. Journal of Qogam jane Daiur, 2(74), 78–90. https:// doi.org/10.52536/2788-5860.2022-2.06 (In Kazakh) Wirl, F. (1999). Complex, dynamic environmental policies. Resource and Energy Economics, 21(1), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-7655(98)00031-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uruzgaliyeva, M., &amp; Usmanov, R. (2022). Aspiy oñiriniñ ekologiialyq qauipsizdigi mäselelerin sheshudıñ sayasi tetikteri: Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Resey Federatsiyasy mysalynda [Political mechanisms for addressing environmental security issues of the Caspian region: The case of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation]. Journal of Qogam jane Daiur, 2(74), 78–90. https:// doi.org/10.52536/2788-5860.2022-2.06 (In Kazakh) Wirl, F. (1999). Complex, dynamic environmental policies. Resource and Energy Economics, 21(1), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-7655(98)00031-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
