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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">esp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Economy: strategy and practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economy: strategy and practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-9967</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2663-550X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Институт экономики</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51176/1997-9967-2026-2-6-22</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">esp-2046</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ РОСТ И УСТОЙЧИВОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Неформальная экономика в Центральной Африке и Средиземноморье: анализ на основе машинного обучения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Informal Economy Dynamics in Central Africa and the Mediterranean: A Machine Learning Approach</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7624-7567</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бен Далла</surname><given-names>Л.О.Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ben Dalla</surname><given-names>L.O.F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бен Далла Л.О.Ф. - PhD, кафедра электротехники и электроники</p><p>06010, Етлик, Анкара</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Llahm Omar Faraj Ben Dalla - PhD, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering</p><p>06010, Etlik, Ankara</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">llahmomarfaraj77@aybu.edu.tr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0573-1789</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джетлавей</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jetlaweib</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джетлавей С.С. </p><p>Таджура, Триполи</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Salma Sadek Jetlawei</p><p>Tajoura, Tripoli</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">saljet2020@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3205-0948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карал</surname><given-names>О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karal</surname><given-names>Ö.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карал О. - PhD, профессор, кафедра электротехники и электроники</p><p>06010, Етлик, Анкара</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ömer Karal - PhD, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering</p><p>06010, Etlik, Ankara</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">omerkaral@aybu.edu.tr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1307-8623</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эль-Ссеид</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>EL-sseid</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эль-Ссеид М. </p><p>Чанкая, Анкара</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mohamed EL-sseid</p><p>Çankaya, Ankara</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-3320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медени</surname><given-names>Т. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medeni</surname><given-names>T. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Медени Т.Д. - PhD, профессор</p><p>06010, Етлик, Анкара</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tunç Durmuş Medeni - PhD, Professor</p><p>06010, Etlik, Ankara</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tuncmedeni@ybu.edu.tr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Анкары Йылдырым Беязыт</institution><country>Турция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University</institution><country>Turkey</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Высший институт наук и технологий</institution><country>Ливия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology</institution><country>Libya</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Анкара Билим</institution><country>Турция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ankara Bilim University</institution><country>Turkey</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бен Далла Л., Джетлавей С.С., Карал О., Эль-Ссеид М., Медени Т.Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бен Далла Л., Джетлавей С.С., Карал О., Эль-Ссеид М., Медени Т.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ben Dalla L., Jetlaweib S.S., Karal Ö., EL-sseid M., Medeni T.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/2046">https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/2046</self-uri><abstract><p>Неформальная экономика остается устойчивым и многомерным явлением, особенно в развивающихся регионах, где ее динамика определяется сочетанием институциональных ограничений и внешних шоков.</p><p>Целью исследования является разработка прогностической модели оценки факторов неформальной экономики в странах Центральной Африки и Средиземноморья на основе методов машинного обучения. Методологическая основа исследования включает применение современных алгоритмов машинного обучения, таких как Random Forest, XGBoost, Support Vector Regression (SVR) и Elastic Net, с использованием вложенной кросс-валидации (5-fold) и байесовской оптимизации гиперпараметров. Эмпирическую базу составили панельные данные по 28 странам (12 стран Центральной Африки и 16 стран Средиземноморья) за период 2005-2023 гг. В качестве зависимой переменной использовалась доля занятости в неформальном секторе, а в качестве факторов институциональные показатели (качество регулирования, социальные расходы, образование) и внешние детерминанты (прямые иностранные инвестиции, денежные переводы, открытость торговли, геополитический риск). Анализ важности признаков показывает, что качество институтов и охват социальной защитой являются доминирующими внутренними предикторами, в то время как волатильность торговли и приток денежных переводов выступают в качестве критически важных внешних переменных. Random Forest (R² = 0,983; MAPE = 2,57%) и SVR (R² = 0,982; MAPE = 2,17%) также подтвердили высокую точность прогнозирования. Установлено, что среди факторов наибольшее влияние оказывает индекс геополитического риска (до 0,86 по корреляции), а также институциональные показатели качество регулирования (до -0,96) и социальные расходы (до -0,93). Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что внешние шоки могут оказывать сопоставимое или более сильное влияние на уровень неформальности по сравнению с внутренними институциональными факторами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The informal economy remains a stable and multidimensional phenomenon, especially in developing regions, where its dynamics are determined by a combination of institutional constraints and external shocks. The aim of the study is to develop a predictive model for assessing informal economy factors in Central African and Mediterranean countries based on machine learning methods. The methodological basis of the research includes the use of modern machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest, XGBoost, Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Elastic Net, using nested cross-validation (5-fold) and Bayesian hyperparameter optimization. The empirical base consisted of panel data for 28 countries (12 Central African countries and 16 Mediterranean countries) for the period 2005-2023. The share of employment in the informal sector was used as a dependent variable, while institutional indicators (quality of regulation, social spending, education) and external determinants (foreign direct investment, remittances, trade openness, and geopolitical risk) were used as factors. An analysis of the importance of the attributes shows that the quality of institutions and the coverage of social protection are the dominant internal predictors, while trade volatility and the influx of remittances act as critical external variables. Random Forest (R2 = 0.983; MAPE = 2.57%) and SVR (R2 = 0.982; MAPE = 2.17%) also confirmed the high accuracy of forecasting. It was found that among the factors, the geopolitical risk index has the greatest influence (up to 0.86 in correlation), as well as institutional indicators the quality of regulation (up to -0.96) and social spending (up to -0.93). The results show that external shocks can have a comparable or stronger impact on the level of informality compared to internal institutional factors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неформальная экономика</kwd><kwd>региональная экономика</kwd><kwd>теневой сектор</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>риск</kwd><kwd>внешние потрясения</kwd><kwd>Центральная Африка</kwd><kwd>Средиземноморье</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Informal Economy</kwd><kwd>Regional Economy</kwd><kwd>Shadow Sector</kwd><kwd>Machine Learning</kwd><kwd>Risk</kwd><kwd>External Shock</kwd><kwd>Central Africa</kwd><kwd>Mediterranean</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acosta, P. A., Lartey, E. K. K., &amp; Mandelman, F. S. (2009). Remittances and the Dutch disease (Working Paper No. 2007-8a). Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. 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