espEconomy: strategy and practiceEconomy: strategy and practice1997-99672663-550XИнститут экономики1997-9967-2026-3-156-174esp-2202Research ArticleСОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И КАЧЕСТВО ЖИЗНИSOCIAL POLICY AND QUALITY OF LIFEЭкономические факторы доходного неравенства: панельный анализ данных по 93 странамEconomic Factors Associated with Income Inequality: Panel Evidence from 93 Countrieshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-5680ЖанбозоваА. Б.ZhanbozovaA. B.

Жанбозова А.Б. – PhD, старший научный сотрудник, 

Алматы 

Aksaule B. Zhanbozova – PhD, Senior Researcher

Almaty 

aksaulezhanbozova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7451-7470АльжановаФ. Г.AlzhanovaF. G.

Альжанова Ф.Г. – д.э.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник

Алматы 

Farida G. Alzhanova – Doс. Sc. (Econ.), Professor, Chief Researcher

Almaty 

farida.alzhanova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-9637ПанзабековаА. Ж.PanzabekovaA. Zh.

Панзабекова А.Ж. – к.э.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник

Алматы 

Aksanat Zh. Panzabekova – Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Professor, Chief researcher

Almaty 

aksanat@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4732-5094ЧигаркинаО. А.ChigarkinaO. A.

Чигаркина О.А. – к.э.н., доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник

Алматы 

Olga A. Chigarkina – Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Leading Researcher

Almaty 

ochigarkina@mail.ruИнститут экономики КН МНВО РККазахстанInstitute of Economics CS MSHE RKKazakhstan202616102026213156174Copyright © Жанбозова А.Б., Альжанова Ф.Г., Панзабекова А.Ж., Чигаркина О.А., 20262026Жанбозова А.Б., Альжанова Ф.Г., Панзабекова А.Ж., Чигаркина О.А.Zhanbozova A.B., Alzhanova F.G., Panzabekova A.Z., Chigarkina O.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://esp.ieconom.kz/jour/article/view/2202

Доходное неравенство представляет собой существенную характеристику социально-экономического развития, поскольку увеличение совокупного выпуска не тождественно расширению участия различных групп населения в распределении создаваемого дохода. Цель исследования — выявить экономические факторы, демонстрирующие устойчивую статистическую связь с изменениями доходного неравенства внутри стран, на основе панельных данных по 93 странам за 2002–2021 гг. Эмпирическую основу исследования составили данные World Development Indicators и Poverty and Inequality Platform Всемирного банка. Выборка охватывает 93 страны за 2002-2021 гг. и включает 1 369 наблюдений типа «страна-год» в рамках несбалансированной панели. В исследовании применены методы описательной статистики, корреляционного анализа, диагностики мультиколлинеарности и панельного регрессионного анализа. Результаты исследования показали устойчивую отрицательную связь доходного неравенства с уровнем экономического развития: увеличение ВВП на душу населения на 1% связано со снижением индекса Джини примерно на 0,048 пункта (p<0,01). Повышение уровня безработицы на 1 процентный пункт соответствует увеличению индекса Джини на 0,068 пункта (p<0,01), а увеличение торговой открытости на 10 процентных пунктов ВВП - росту индекса Джини примерно на 0,27 пункта (p<0,01). Подобные зависимости сохраняются при изменении спецификации модели и раздельном оценивании индекса Джини, рассчитанного по доходам и потреблению. Оценки темпа роста ВВП, природной ренты, урбанизации и инфляции характеризуются меньшей устойчивостью. Дальнейшие исследования целесообразно ориентировать на применение динамических панельных моделей, инструментальных переменных и альтернативных баз данных по неравенству.

Income inequality constitutes a significant characteristic of socio-economic development, since an increase in aggregate output is not identical to broader participation of different population groups in the distribution of generated income. The aim of this study is to identify economic factors consistently associated with within-country changes in income inequality using panel data from 93 countries over the period 2002–2021. The empirical analysis is based on data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators and Poverty and Inequality Platform. The sample covers 93 countries over the period 2002-2021 and includes 1,369 country-year observations in an unbalanced panel. The study employs descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multicollinearity diagnostics, and panel regression analysis. The results indicate a robust negative association between income inequality and the level of economic development: a 1% increase in GDP per capita is associated with an approximately 0.048-point decrease in the Gini index (p<0,01). A onepercentage-point increase in the unemployment rate is associated with a 0.068-point increase in the Gini index (p<0,01), while a 10-percentage-point increase in trade openness is associated with an approximately 0.27-point increase in the Gini index (p<0,01). These relationships remain robust across alternative model specifications and when the models are estimated separately for income-based and consumption-based Gini measures. The estimates for GDP growth, natural resource rents, urbanization, and inflation are less robust. Further research may extend the analysis through dynamic panel models, instrumental-variable approaches, and alternative databases on inequality.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.