For citations:
Kargabayeva S.T., Bolatkyzy S., Kamali K.M., Akhmetova K.I. Digitalisation Impact on E-Commerce in Kazakhstan: Macroeconomic Effects and Forecast. Economy: strategy and practice. 2025;20(3):53-67. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2025-3-53-67