Детерминанты дифференциации заработных плат в Казахстане: межрегиональный и отраслевой анализ

Неравномерность оплаты труда остаётся одной из ключевых проблем рынка труда Казахстана, поскольку различия в заработной плате формируются не только индивидуальными характеристиками работников, но и региональной, отраслевой и гендерной структурой занятости. Целью исследования является количественная оценка относительного вклада региона трудоустройства и вида экономической деятельности в межгрупповую дифференциацию заработной платы в Казахстане, а также определение доминирующего фактора на основе декомпозиции объяснённой дисперсии. Методы исследования включают полулогарифмическую регрессионную модель с дамми-переменными региона и отрасли, взвешивание по численности работников, робастные стандартные ошибки и декомпозицию Шепли. Результаты показали, что выбранные факторы объясняют 75% вариации заработной платы между анализируемыми группами. В 15 из 20 регионов заработная плата статистически значимо ниже, чем в г. Алматы. Наибольшая отраслевая премия относительно образования выявлена в горнодобывающей промышленности (+111%) и финансовой деятельности (+101%), тогда как отрицательный дисконт составляет от 11% до 18%. После учёта региона и отрасли гендерный разрыв в оплате труда оценивается на уровне около 12%. Декомпозиция Шепли показала, что региональный фактор объясняет 21% дисперсии логарифма заработной платы, а отраслевой фактор 45%. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы органами государственного управления при корректировке программ содействия занятости, переобучения и регионального развития.

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