Internal Migration of Youth in Megacities as a Factor Influencing the Migration of Youth Abroad (on the Example of Almaty)

Internal migration is a transitional moment for young people to migrate abroad. This article aims to study city infrastructure as a factor influencing the internal migration of young people to big cities. This is one of the country’s problems because it results in a «brain drain» abroad. There is a need to consider these factors. The study examines young people involved in internal migration who arrived in Almaty, aged 14 - 29. The methodology of this study is based on the method of Everett S. Lee. It analyzes factors influencing the internal migration of young people to cities with a population of one million. The article discusses objective factors that constrain or stimulate the migration process between regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These factors include the number of universities and colleges, the number of employers, medical and entertainment institutions, etc. These indicators were grouped into four factors: education, health care, entertainment and employment. For data analysis and processing, generalization and systematization methods were used. Data for factor estimation was obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics and other official sources for the period 2014 - 2021. Correlation-regression analysis was conducted using the SPSS program to determine the relationship between internal migration and city infrastructure indicators. Results obtained showed a significant relationship between the internal migration of young people and educational and health organizations. Education is seen as one of the main factors in the internal and external migration of young people. Therefore, the development of higher education and employment rates is essential to prevent brain drain.

1. Antosik L.V., & Ivashina N.V. (2021) Factors and Routes of Interregional Migration of University Graduates in Russia. Educational Studies Moscow, 2,107–125. https://doi. org/10.17323/1814-9545-2021-2-107-125

2. Arandarenko, M., Corrente, S., Jandrić, M., & Stamenković, M. (2019). A Multiple Criteria Approach to Interregional Migrations – The Case of Serbia. Investigating Spatial Inequalities, Emerald Publishing Limited, 197–216. https://doi. org/10.1108/978-1-78973-941-120191012

3. Barsbai, T., Rapoport, H., Steinmayr, A., & Trebesch, C. (2017). The effect of labor migration on the diffusion of democracy: evidence from a former Soviet Republic. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9(3), 36-69. https://doi.org/10.1257/ app.20150517

4. Bernard, A., Kalemba, S. & Nguyen, T. (2022) Do Internal Migration Experiences Facilitate Migration Intentions and Behavior? Demography, 59 (4), 1249–1274. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370- 9986021

5. Bureau of National Statistics (2022). [updated December 15, 2022; cited December 25, 2021]. Available: http://www.stat.gov.kz

6. Eldyaeva, N. A. & Kovanova, E. S. (2013) Multivariate analysis of the impact of migration on the socio-economic development of regions. Economics, statistics and informatics, 6, 121-126.

7. García, A. A. (2021). When Internal Migration Fails: A Case Study of Central American Youth Who Relocate Internally Before Leaving Their Countries. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 9(4), 297–310. https://doi. org/10.1177/23315024211042735

8. Castelli, F. (2018). Drivers of migration: why do people move? Journal of travel medicine, 25(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay040

9. Chudinovskikh, O., & Denisenko, M. (2020). Labour Migration on the Post-Soviet Territory. In Migration from the Newly Independent States (pp. 55- 80). Springer, Cham.

10. Clemente, J., Larramona, G., & Olmos, L. (2016). Interregional migration and thresholds: evidence from Spain. Spatial Economic Analysis, 11(3), 276-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2016.115 3706

11. IOM (2022). International Organization for Migration World Migration Report. Geneva. [updated December 15, 2022; cited December 25, 2022]. Available: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ dspd/2022/10/migration-families/

12. Jussibaliyeva, A.K., Iskakova, D.M., Duisenbayeva, B.B., Tleuberdiyeva, S.S. & Iskakova, D.B. (2022) Economic Aspects and Factors of Educational and Labor Migration of Kazakhstan Youth Abroad. Economics: the strategy and practice, 17(2), 126-145. (In Russ.) https://doi. org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-2-126-145

13. Kaland, O.J. (2021) “We Have Many Options, But They are All Bad Options!” Aspirations Among Internal Migrant Youths in Shanghai, China. The European Journal of Development Research, 33, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-020-00301-z

14. Kurekova, L. (2011). Theories of migration: Conceptual review and empirical testing in the context of the EU East-West flows. In interdisciplinary conference on migration. Economic change, social challenge, 4, 6-9.

15. Manic, M. (2019). The regional effects of international migration on internal migration decisions of tertiary‐educated workers. Papers in Regional Science, 98(2), 1027-1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/ pirs.12379

16. Mulholland, P.J., Helton, A.M., Poole, G.C., Hall, R.O., Hamilton, S.K., Peterson, B.J., Tank, J.L., Ashkenas, L.R., Cooper, L.W., Dahm, C.N., Dodds, W.K., Findlay, S.E., Gregory, S.V., Grimm, N.B., Johnson, S.L., McDowell, W.H., Meyer, J.L., Valett, H.M., Webster, J.R., Arango, C.P., Beaulieu, J.J., Bernot, M.J., Burgin, A.J., Crenshaw, C.L., Johnson, L.T., Niederlehner, B.R., O’Brien, J.M., Potter, J.D., Sheibley, R.W., Sobota, D.J., & Thomas, S.M. (2008). Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading. Nature, 452, 202-205. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06686

17. Rees, P., Bell, M., Kupiszewski, M., Kupiszewska, D., Ueffing, P., Bernard, A.& Stillwell, J. (2017). The impact of internal migration on population redistribution: An international comparison. Population, Space and Place, 23(6), e2036. http://doi. org/10.1002/psp.2036

18. Roth, B. J., & Hartnett, C. S. (2018). Creating reasons to stay? Unaccompanied youth migration, community-based programs, and the power of “push” factors in El Salvador. Children and Youth Services Review, 92, 48-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. childyouth.2018.01.026

19. Rybakovsky, L. L., Zakharova, O. D., Ivanova, A. E., & Demchenko, G. A. (2002). The demographic future of Russia. Population, 1, 33-48. (In Russ)

20. Tsui, M. (2007). Free market reform in China and the labor migration of Chinese seafarers. Asian and Pacific migration journal, 16(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719680701600104

21. Samari, G. (2021). Coming back and moving backwards: return migration and gender norms in Egypt. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(5), 1103-1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/136918 3X.2019.1669437

22. Vakulenko, E., & Mkrtchyan, N. (2020). Factors of interregional migration in Russia disaggregated by age. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 13(3), 609-630.

23. Wajdi, N., Adioetomo, S. M., & Mulder, C. H. (2017). Gravity models of interregional migration in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(3), 309-332. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/00074918.2017.1298719

24. Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Chen, J. (2021). Migration under economic transition and changing climate in Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments, 185, 104333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104333

25. Zhao, Y. (2003). The role of migrant networks in labor migration: The case of China. Contemporary Economic Policy, 21(4), 500-511.https:// doi.org/10.1093/cep/byg028