In recent years, in the pre-pandemic period, offline marketplaces are popular, and in the post-pandemic period, online marketplaces are becoming more popular. During the quarantine restriction, many enterprises began to adapt to online sales. The enterprise that was able to adapt remained active in the economy, and enterprises that were unable to adapt went bankrupt. Within the framework of this issue, the aim of the research article was to analyze the specifics of the interaction of Kazakhstani women entrepreneurs in online shopping. In the course of the study, in addition to scientific methods, the interviewing method was used. The interview was attended by 29 businesswomen from Almaty city. The business areas of women engaged in entrepreneurship included such areas as the trade in adult clothing, the sale of fabrics, fashion salons, and the sale of Korean cosmetics. The purpose of the interview is to identify the reasons, and features of the work of Kazakhstani women on online marketplaces and identify the advantages and disadvantages of trading on offline marketplaces. The results of the interview can be used to achieve efficiency in organizing the work of the online marketplace. In addition, knowing the views of women, the potential of women in the regions of the state can be used to formulate policies aimed at developing the economy. That is, with the help of online work of women, it is necessary to influence the unemployment rate in the regions, and increase the source of income and other quality of life.

The purpose of the study is to cashless payments in the Republic of Kazakhstan and their impact on the development of households and entrepreneurship. Improving cashless payments is closely related to the overall development of technology. The speed, convenience, and security of non-cash payments are growing from year to year. Cashless payment is a relevant and convenient form of payment in the life of every citizen, due to its availability for all legal entities and individuals. This trend is widespread and qualitatively increasing. There is also a trend of rapid penetration of non-cash payments into the financial market. This is due to convenience, the developing market of digital services, and payments, as well as the growing competitiveness of banks. The main research methods were general theoretical methods, as well as special economic and mathematical methods. Based on the study of the organization of cashless settlement in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the analysis of the work with the cashless settlement, the following recommendations were made to improve the system of cashless settlement to Kazakhstani enterprises: introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) into the economic activities of enterprises; improvement of the electronic money system by creating platforms for seamless operation of data transfer. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the proposals made by the authors on the improvement of the cashless payment system can be used to improve this system.

The development of small and medium-sized businesses is the key to the development of the country’s economy. Innovative development of small and medium-sized businesses will not only increase output, and increase the amount of taxes to the budget, but also improve the socio-economic situation within the state. The unemployment rate among the population will decrease, the number of working people will increase, the income level will increase, the standard of living will improve, and the members of the middle class will increase. The purpose of the study in the article is to analyze the dynamics of the development of small and medium–sized businesses in the state, differentiate their innovation activity, and provide mechanisms that improve their efficiency. The study analyzed the main indicators of business entities for 2015-2020. The research base was based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics of the agency for Strategic Planning and reform of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the course of the research, general methods of Economic Science deduction, induction and logical structuring and grouping, comparison and statistical methods were used. As a result of the study, regulatory, innovative, financial, and infrastructure mechanisms for improving the efficiency of SMEs in the context of innovative development of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan were proposed. In the areas of each mechanism, measures were taken to develop innovative small and medium-sized businesses. The research material can be educational material for universities, the basis for business entities, and public administration bodies.

The purpose of this study is to assess the regional transport and logistics potential considering economic indicators for transport and logistics. Based on the literature review, elements of the transport and logistics infrastructure were identified, and the mutual influence of the development of transport and logistics and the country’s economy was substantiated. The study of methodological approaches made it possible to identify indicators for assessing the country’s regional transport and logistics potential. We identified 11 indicators in the following groups: indicators of transport infrastructure, logistics indicators and economic indicators for transport and warehousing. The database was generated in the context of regions and cities of republican significance for 2021 according to statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Using the cluster analysis method, regions were ranked, and groups of regions with different levels of transport and logistics potential were identified. Recommendations were made to improve the quality of logistics services along international transport corridors in the regions of Kazakhstan. The necessity of technological modernization of the transport and logistics infrastructure of the region is substantiated, which allows the creation of modern conditions for the effective functioning of all components of the transport and logistics infrastructure of the region.

The purpose of the article was to study changes in living conditions in megapolises as they grow, identify negative social consequences and develop recommendations for overcoming them. Methods of retrospective analysis, logical and comparative analysis, generalizations, methods of descriptive statistics, index, graphic, methods for assessing the improvement of the housing stock of megacities, the demographic capacity of the city were used. The analysis of changes in living conditions in Kazakhstan’s megacities as they grow is carried out. The social consequences of the growth of megacities are revealed: a decrease in the standard of living of residents of the southern capital; an increase in demand for housing and its higher cost; a decrease in the level of well-being in Almaty; poor environmental conditions, an increase in atmospheric pollution in conditions of high population density; a higher level of mortality of the urban population compared to the rural population during the pandemic; an increase in destructive behavior of young people. Recommendations are given to overcome the negative social consequences of uncontrolled urbanization. The necessity of developing a Strategy for the development of Kazakhstani cities is substantiated. Measures are recommended: to solve the problem of affordable housing for young families, specialists, orphans; to create jobs, modernize transport, communal and social infrastructure, to foster patriotism and social responsibility.

The forecast is an important strategic document for planning and defining goals and priorities for the region’s development. Socio-economic forecasting is relevant all over the world. For this reason, the issues of formation and practical application of forecasts, including regional ones, are reflected in many research papers. The purpose of the study is to consider the process of developing a forecast of socio-economic development in the regions of Kazakhstan and to identify factors that worsen its quality. The authors used a combination of research methods: description, observation, content analysis and system-analytical. The description of the forecasting process was carried out in the Bizagi Model software package. The main sources of information of the study were the observation of the procedure for making a forecast of the region and the analysis of legal acts regulating the forecasting processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To achieve the purpose of the study, the role of forecasting in management was determined, the differences between the forecast and the plan, the primary methods and types of forecasting, approaches to forecasting were listed, the process of making a forecast at the regional level was described and analyzed, “weaknesses” in the forecast development procedure were identified. The result of the study was the identification of limitations affecting the quality and efficiency of the use of the developed forecasts, and ways to reduce them are proposed. The study contributes to understanding the regional forecasting process and the causes of problems arising during its development.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the rural territory of Kazakhstan and the Akmola region. The study is classified as a desk (marketing) study, the collection and analysis of secondary (preliminary) information was carried out, in particular, data from the FAO statistical yearbook and the website of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic were used to review and analyze the indicators Kazakhstan. Based on official statistics, an analysis of the state of the rural territory of Kazakhstan and the Akmola region was carried out. The indicators are considered as the gross regional product per capita of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the structure of the gross regional product of the Akmola region, the level of self-sufficiency in agricultural products of the Akmola region, the leading indicators of the development of rural areas of the Akmola region, the harvested area of maagrarianral crops by types of the EAEU countries. The results of the above study - the current relevance of ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas is due, on the one hand, to the growing economic and social lag of the rural regions, and on the other hand, their exceptional importance for the nation in such matters as food security, conservation of soil and environmental resources, the use of agricultural, industrial and labour resources, and their potential.

The global economic crisis intensifies against the backdrop of inefficient actions of international organizations and individual states. As a result, there is a change in the balance of the world economy. The unipolar economic system is being replaced by a bipolar system that divides the world into the West (USA) and the East (China). In this regard, the problem of economic confrontation between the two powers and smoothing out the imbalance in the world economy due to the collapse of the monopolar world order becomes a relevant problem. This study is devoted to the analysis of the compliance of the Chinese economy with all the characteristics of a leader compared with the US economy. For this purpose, the problem of the competitiveness of the Chinese financial system has been studied. Based on the case study, the development of the Chinese financial market was analyzed in comparison with the US. The main finding is that the role of the Yuan in the international exchange market is insignificant and accounts for 4.3% of the total turnover. In addition, the Yuan is not widely used globally as a reserve currency, although the Yuan has been included in the SDR basket. The general conclusion is that without a freely convertible Yuan and free float, China’s financial system will not be able to compete with the US. Accordingly, China will not be able to become a full-fledged second pole in the global economic system.

The well-being of the population of all countries depends on various factors, the main one of which is ensuring food security in connection with which the article’s topic is relevant. The main study’s main purpose is to study the food security problems individual countries and regions and identify ways to solve them. When determining the level of food security, it is proposed to use a methodology that includes the study of the demand for food, which would take into account all regional and national characteristics. During the study, methods and techniques were used, the main of which were comparison and statistical analysis, in which a comparison and analysis of the production of products on average per person, the average per capita consumption of food per capita over the past five years, etc. were carried out. The article provides a literary review of academic economists’ publications and works dealing with food security problems. Based on the conducted research, mechanisms for ensuring food security in Kazakhstan are proposed: improving the rural development program, the use of rural mortgages, the development of farms, etc. The research topic is relevant and important, and it is only possible to consider some aspects in one work. In this regard, the authors propose to further study the problems of food security in terms of learning international experience in solving problems, the development of own production, the development of the agricultural sector of the economy and others.

This article aims to identify the impact of factors of agriculture on the economic growth of Kazakhstan. The literature review analyzes the current state of the agricultural sector and indicates the role of Kazakh agriculture in the development of the economy in world. Using the SPSS program, a multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between six independent variables and one dependent variable of economic growth expressed as GDP per capita. When constructing the regression, four factors were used, namely investments in agriculture, productivity, livestock of cattle and poultry, and gross output of agricultural services, in addition, the interest rate and the unemployment rate were also taken into account. Descriptive statistics for variables were taken from the Bureau of National Statistics from 2003 to 2021. Three hypotheses were put forward, and two were accepted on a 5% significance level. The third hypothesis was not rejected, and at the same time, there was no evidence to accept it either. According to the results, a small change in GDP per capita as an investment in agriculture and crop yield change by one unit. Also, the difference in a dependent variable while cattle and poultry livestock and gross output of agricultural services change by one unit were insignificant when α=0.05. The government can use the results of the study to develop the economy from the perspective of agriculture.

Despite the empirical and theoretical work that has been done, the impact of economic growth on income inequality remains a matter of debate, and conclusions regarding these relationships are still far from consensus. The review of the literature revealed that different model specifications, different datasets, and different estimation methods can influence the relationship between economic growth and income inequality. Moreover, when it comes to developing countries, the debate becomes even more intense, even if most authors argue that there is a negative relationship between them. This study aims to review the academic literature to identify key concepts and themes in the field of income inequality and its relationship to economic growth. Also, the purpose of the article is to identify gaps in this topic for future research. A bibliometric analysis of the literature was carried out using the R-package Biblioshiny tool. The sample includes 1 431 publications from the Scopus database. Articles are analyzed against annual scientific production, most important sources, most relevant organizations, a network of coincidences, and thematic mapping and evolution to understand trends in the body of knowledge about income inequality. As a result of the analysis, the main factors influencing economic growth, and subsequently the growth of income differentiation, were identified. A gap in the reviewed studies is the lack of knowledge of the factors determining the quality of economic growth, which subsequently affect income inequality. This research gap will be the direction of future research.

The purpose of this article is to assess the current state of green finance in Kazakhstan and build proposals for further development. The methodological basis of the scientific article was the general scientific methods of systematization of theoretical data, methods of scientific observation of economic processes, structural-logical and system analysis. Based on the study of the theoretical aspects of green financing and the analysis of structural programs and the legislative framework, the conceptual features of the Kazakh model of green financing were identified. The analysis tool was a statistical study of the financial market of Kazakhstan. A comparative analysis of the state of the green bond market was carried out on the basis of two parameters of the Climate Bond Initiative (CBI) database: the Green bond database of the Climate Bond Initiative (GBDB), the database of social bonds and sustainable development bonds (SSBD). The CBI statistical data formed on the basis of the study due to the fact that this organization determines the rating of green securities and makes a listing of issuers, and is also the main source of collecting and distributing information about green financial instruments on a global scale, especially about green bonds and certification. Statistical data were selected for 2021, as the issue of green securities in Kazakhstan began that year, and the country entered the world system as an accredited member and prospective partner of the global green bond market. The main result is the identification of current global trends in the development of green finance in Kazakhstan. Conclusions were drawn that the study and implementation of best practices in the field of green finance in the republic has been developed thanks to strong state support. The research proposed in the article can assist researchers in formulating research problems related to green finance.

Identification of relationships between macroeconomic indicators is essential in economic growth. Because in order to create effective economic solutions in a market economy, it is necessary to be able to evaluate them using mathematical statistics and other applied mathematical methods. As a result of the literature review, various points of view on the relationship between macroeconomic indicators showed the absence of a single general opinion in the literature. The article conducted a study to identify the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and applied the methods of correlation and regression analysis to identify quantitative relationships between indicators. The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between economic indicators and assess the impact of foreign trade and foreign direct investment on the gross domestic product of Kazakhstan. In the course of the study, the relationship between exports, imports, foreign trade and foreign direct investment and gross domestic product was determined by the correlation method, and to determine the relationship of these economic indicators with the gross domestic product, the multivariate regression method was used. As a result of the study, it was found that exports affect the change in the gross domestic product of Kazakhstan at a higher level than the indicators of foreign trade and imports, foreign direct investment has a negative impact on the gross domestic product. The result of the regression analysis on the ratio of exports, imports, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment to gross domestic product was 0.96%. This shows the practical significance of the formed regression model.

Due to the impact of quarantine measures against COVID-19, the quality of education in the country’s schools has decreased. This issue is relevant and is on the agenda from the administration of the Head of State to university rectors and teachers, school principals and educators, students and their parents. Most of the participants in the discussion believe that too little money is allocated to the school. This article examines the impact of government spending on education and on students’ academic achievements. According to the literature review, it was revealed that an increase in financial support for secondary schools from the state will lead to an increase in the quality of education. To solve these research questions, we used a correlation analysis between student academic performance and government spending, and household spending. On the basis of the selected variables, a correlation analysis was carried out by the method of rank correlation of the relationship between student performance and the amount of state funding for education. The study concluded that the success of students in education is influenced by non-financial factors, such as educational standards and appropriate teaching methods. At the same time, a paradoxical situation has been revealed, almost every year the government increases annual spending on education in secondary schools, but student academic performance is constantly falling. In addition, there was no strong statistical relationship between student performance and the amount of State funding for education. Therefore, the question arises about the effectiveness of the use of allocated public funds for education.

The article gives the personal characteristics of the heads of local executive bodies of the North Kazakhstan region. The analysis of the relationship between training at refresher courses and advanced training seminars and the career growth of administrative civil servants, and their professional competencies enhancement was carried out. The results of this analysis revealed the gender dimension of this relationship and made it possible to draw conclusions about the greater interest of male civil servants in career growth than female civil servants. The scientific research aims to develop new approaches to developing the personal and professional potential of the heads of local executive bodies - akims of rural districts. The study used information provided freely on the website of the akimat of the North Kazakhstan region, as well as materials for the test, written and oral surveys of students of the branch of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the North Kazakhstan region. The work used empirical research methods, such as observation, and comparison, in addition, statistical, factor and comparative analysis were used. The study results can be used in further scientific developments in writing a monograph. The study results were partially discussed at the international scientific and practical conference. In conclusion, new approaches were proposed to develop the personal and professional potential of the heads of local executive bodies - akims of rural districts.